Shekelhound Said That Nobody Could Survive Scrooge As He

Shekelhound said that nobody could survive Scrooge as he was relentless in the boardroom and ultimately wanted to be president of the entire company. Shekelhound was correct as Scrooge maneuvered his way to the top of the heap laying waste to the corporate lawyer and many who had been with the company for decades. The appointment of Pan-face to be President of the Hotel Division came as no surprise to Japes. Pan-face was the definition of â€Å"a suit† from a long line of pure bread Kiva s. A suit was a person who dresses the part, was well enough educated to converse on many different topics, was political with a lot of Brown Nose in them, and would never take a stand or support any subordinate. The truly good suits would take crap from†¦show more content†¦The hotel computer system had been compromised and thousands of individual credit card numbers were stolen. These credit cards were used all over the world and would cost the companies tens of thousands of dollar s in retribution to the actual cardholders. The Secret Service agent, who looked more like a cover girl than an agent, implied that it would be unlikely the perpetrator would actually be caught. The cyber attack was something new to the world and extremely hard to track. Japes was informed that the hotel would receive a fine, and that funds would be held in escrow in the amount of a quarter-million dollars. He didn t realize that the company transferring the funds from the hotel to the bank would arbitrarily take the money. In essence, the hotel would receive no revenue from its credit card transactions for nearly two weeks. The hotel contracted one of the few firms in the country to come into the hotel and analyze the data breach, which in turn would then report directly to the Secret Service, the franchise, and to the credit card companies. The young four-eyed geek, who flew in from the Midland Region was twenty-five years old. He was a typical geek analyst and knew the ins and ou ts of all the computer systems. Japes worked him as best he could, establishing a quick relationship and attempting to decipher what happened. Although the geek couldn t say officially what was wrong, he soon recognized the malignant software cleverly attached through the Internet

Bullying at Home and School - 2035 Words

Bullying: School and Home â€Å"Childhood should be carefree, Playing in the sun, not living a nightmare in the darkness of the soul.† –Dave Pelzer, â€Å"A Child Called It.† As you’re sitting in a class room with a sick feeling in your stomach is this the day I will be bullied or will I get away with one more day. The child in the corner who won’t look at anyone scared to death if they do, he will be hit or his or her stuff destroyed. The child that is yelled at home because they did not do the right thing their parents thought they should do. These are the children that are victims or become the aggressor. Bullying is a serious issue that is taken over our school systems. If you watch the news, listen to the news bullying is always mentioned. The issue has gotten out of control. Children are committing suicide and killing others over this issue. Some say it’s a home issue. Your right but where does it begin and end? Bullying is a subject we have pushed on the bac k burner and then brought back to the front. Children are being bullied not only physically and mentally we have now added into the mix cyber bullying. This matter should be taken very serious and needs to be addressed not only at school but at home. Parenting is a serious part of correcting this matter and parents need to be educated as well as students. A parent has just as much of a role in preventing this situation as a teacher or administrator. Children need to feel safe in school and have theShow MoreRelatedCurrent Bullying Laws Not Working1100 Words   |  5 Pages Current Bullying Laws Not Working Bullying is something that has been going on in schools and communities for centuries. There are however, laws that have been put into place to help prevent bullying. These laws were first started in 1964. 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Reflection on a Critical Incident Essay Example For Students

Reflection on a Critical Incident Essay The objective of this assignment is to explore and reflect upon a situation from a clinical placement. Reflective techniques will be used to reveal how well or badly the situation was handled. And how the incident, and the reflection has influenced personal learning and professional practice in relation to nursing care. According to Hogston and Simpson (2002, p398) reflection is a process of reviewing an experience of practice in order to better describe, analyse and evaluate, and so inform learning about practice. Wolverson (2000, p24) includes this is an important process for all nurses wishing to improve their practice. This will be investigated using a reflective nursing model. In accordance with the 2002 Nursing and Midwifery Council, the clients details and placement setting has not been disclosed in order to maintain confidentiality. The incident occurred during the first week of the placement. The writer was then asked to perform an electrocardiogram (ECG) on a sixty six year old lady in the minors department. Hinchliff, Montague and Watson (2000, p398) states that an ECG is a graphic recording of the electrical processes that initiate the contraction of the cardiac muscle, performed by attaching electrodes to the body that are then connected to an electrocardiograph. On completion, the ECG was checked by a doctor and instructions were given to rush the patient to the resuscitation department of the Emergency department. This incident was chosen for discussion as the consequences could have been great if not dealt with correctly. The reflective model chosen is the Johns model. This is an appropriate model for a students level, being described by Burns and Bulman (2001, p11) as providing support . .ober, J. (1998). Nursing Practice and Health Care. (3rd ed). London: Arnold Publishers Hogston, R. Simpson, P. (2002). Foundations of Nursing Practice. (2nd ed). Basingstoke: Palgrave Marks, C. (2001). Reflective practice in thermoregulatory nursing care. Nursing Standard. 15, (43), p38 41 Nicholls, C. Sani, M. (2003). The treatment of cardiovascular disease in older people. Nursing Older People. 15, (7), p30 32 Perry, A. (1997). Nursing, a knowledge base for practice. (2nd ed). London: Arnold Publishers Powell, H. (2002). A time to reflect. Learning Disability Practice. 5, (7), p16 18 Taylor, B. (2001). Reflective Practice. Buckingham: Open University Press Wilkinson, J. (1999). Implementing reflective practice. Nursing Standard. 13, (21), p36 40 Wolverson, M. (2000). On reflection. Professional Practice. 3, (2), p31-34

Looking At The Social Work Profession Social Work Essay Essay Example

Looking At The Social Work Profession Social Work Essay Essay The societal work profession promotes societal alteration, job resolution in human relationships and the authorization and release of people to heighten wellbeing. Using theories of human behavior and societal systems, societal work intervenes at the points where people interact with their environments Principles of human rights and societal justness are cardinal to societal work IFSW ( 2010 ) The country of moralss in societal work is immense! Presenting many factors we need to believe about topics such as different moral beliefs, civilizations and the person s personal values, all of which can play a immense portion. The general rules and ethical motives required in supplying an effectual service which causes small or no injury can frequently accidentally do quandary that can be damaging to the original state of affairs. We will write a custom essay sample on Looking At The Social Work Profession Social Work Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Looking At The Social Work Profession Social Work Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Looking At The Social Work Profession Social Work Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Social workers deal with some of the most vulnerable people in our society at times of greatest emphasis. There can be tragic effects if things go incorrect. Social workers frequently get bad imperativeness. What they do non acquire is twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours coverage of the work they do to protect and supply for some of the most vulnerable people in our society Smith DOH ( 2002 ) Cited in Parker ( 2006 ) . Current societal work values started to germinate in the eighteenth century when the Industrial Revolution started altering where and how people lived and worked. The twentieth Century brought in statute law which allowed the province to step in ; this led to many in-between category people going more involved in instance work voluntary societal work as it was so known. The British Government asked William Beveridge ( 1879 ) to bring forth a study ( The Beveridge Report 1942 ) and shortly after this, when Labour took power ( 1945 ) , the Welfare State was introduced. The National Health Service was introduced in 1948 which provided free medical intervention for all. Poverty was recognised once more in the 1960 s from a Marxist position believing it to be structurally caused, hence advancing a demand for societal alteration. These positions besides influenced the civil rights motions, feminism, disablement rights and anti-discrimination, taking to the growing of province societal work in the 1970 s. Biestek ( 1974 ) , Timms ( 1983 ) and Butrym ( 1976 ) , are recognised for their influence in relation to traditional values. Each developed a list of ethical rules ( Appendix 1 ) and believed their ethical rules could be a utile tool within any scene, societal work included. Credence: regard for the client ; self-government Non-judgemental non reprobating the client. Parrott ( 2006 ) Using values and moralss in the foundation of societal work has been cardinal within its development, the effects and effects of which the societal worker has to take duty for, and be cognizant of their actions as portion of their responsibility of attention. Not making so may take to unintended effects, and determinations they have been involved in may ensue in the less favorable results. Contemplation and utilizing analytical tools could turn out helpful, this will be disputing to the societal worker on a personal degree as it may conflict with their personal values and be really nerve-racking. However, adhering to codifications of pattern and following the cardinal regulations of societal work the Social Worker can authorise the service user to do picks, some of which which may non accomplish the coveted result. Guaranting we pattern in an Anti-oppressive and Anti-Discriminative mode. AOP Considers the whole individual and enables the societal worker to associate to serve user s societal context taking on board personal, institutional, cultural A ; economic issues analyze how there affect person s behavior A ; chances to develop as a individual populating within society. Dominelli ( 2002 ) The definition of values harmonizing to Dictionary of Social Work is a belief that something is good and desirable. It defines what is of import, worthwhile and deserving endeavoring for. Thompson A ; Pierson ( 1999 ) Social work is governed by its ain codifications of pattern, which are for the benefit of service users that come into contact with it. The codifications are a set of regulations that must be adhered to in order to assist those who are in demand of support. The Codes of Practice ( 2001 ) were written by the General Social Care Council in order to better and modulate societal services. Within the General Social Care Council Codes of Practice it states that societal workers must: Treat each individual as an person ; Respect and where appropriate, advancing the single positions and wants of both service users and carers ; Support service users rights to command their lives and do informed picks about the services they receive. By adhering to the codifications of pattern societal workers should besides keep the traditional societal work values. Leting societal worker to be cognizant of other different cultural, structural positions or societal differences that influence society s values and moralss if they are to avoid doing mistakes of opinion . ( OLoughlin, M A ; S. ( 2008 ) The Code of Ethics provinces that there are five cardinal rules that societal workers need to utilize as a pattern base. Human Dignity and Worth back uping the individual and their carer, handling them as persons and listening to what their concerns are, Social Justice guaranting that they receive a just service by adhering to AOP/ADP, Service to Humanity and Integrity by being honest with them about what they can anticipate and Competence by guaranting that we as societal workers understand their demands and working with them to happen the best possible solution. No other bureau considers the rights of their service users as societal work profession does. ( BASW.co.uk ) In Great Britain, presently, 1 in 10 grownups are informal carers ( Carers.org ) . We need to recognize the carer s experience and cognition sing the individual they care for, foregrounding what they may hold had to give up to supply the attention needed. These people can be together 24 hours a twenty-four hours seeing alterations and modus operandis daily. We as professionals should esteem their experience and work positively together to supply a better quality of service for all parties within the attention. The ethical duty of the practician whether a counselor, societal worker or a physician to construct up the trust between themselves and the clients. This will assist to advance the relationship between them ( Gillon 1992 ) . We should work together with carers when planning, support and supplying back uping services, seeing the carer as a spouse who has more insight on the development and issues so we would hold as professionals, being flexible and maintaining the carer informed of the attacks we are utilizing and utilizing their priceless cognition and what can be really complex demands, mark posting aid if we can non offer a service. Carers save this state an estimated ?87 billion in attention fee s ( Carers.org ) Whilst we should authorise carers and esteem the occupation they do, we must see what they may hold given up and how this has made them experience. In my sentiment this could hold a negative consequence for the carer, as it could take to alterations in societal standings financially etc. We encourage people to go carers but we do non, within our benefits system, do our carers feel valued. To measure up for ?53.90 Carers Allowance you have to care for person: More than 35 hours a hebdomad You can non gain more than ?100 per hebdomad You can non analyze more than 21 hours a hebdomad Yet we offer far less than the minimal pay ( ?5.80 per hr ) to some of our most valued members of society. At minimal pay 35 hours would be ?203 per hebdomad. Beck and Beck-Gernsheim ( 1999 ) in Garrett ( 2003 ) talked about individualization , About an individualised society in which we learn to gestate of ourselves as the pivot around which life revolves In the instance of a carer, it is frequently viewed that they are the 3rd party and should travel along with what is offered, instead than utilizing their valuable information and aid which is geared towards doing the both parties lives a small easier. This will impact everybody, the handicapped individual will hold their demands met leting the carer to hold a little more clip for their ain good being. Even down to reprieve attention this will let the carer to hold a entire interruption, coming back more prepared to carry through the undertakings in front of them, nevertheless we must be aware when booking respite attention that the carer needs to be involved in the planning as they will cognize precisely what is needed. By making this it besides allows the carer to experience valued and able to travel on their interruption feeling relaxed in the cognition that their loved one demands are being meet. Thompson ( 2001 ) says that anti discriminatory pattern is, An attack to societal work pattern which seeks to cut down, undermine or extinguish favoritism and subjugation, specifically in footings of disputing sexism, racism, agism, and disablism aˆÂ ¦.and other signifiers of favoritism encountered in societal work . We must ever handle carers with regard, self-respect and demo empathy for them as persons admiting what they may hold given up to care for their loved 1. We should besides accept that they may now be enduring from a societal disadvantage by populating in poorness. We need to admit how they feel and listen to their feelings and demo them that their sentiments do count. It is critical for them to hold their ain demands met so they can go on making such an first-class occupation and do them experience valued and appreciated. Oliver ( 1987 ) criticises many professionals sing their professionalism with handicapped people frequently presuming they know what is best for the individual, this proviso of services in this manner is at best patronising and at worst farther disabling, since the disable individual and their carer are the best Judgess, following this process could be oppressive leting the user to go inactive receivers of services that other think they should hold. Cited Thompson ( 2001 ) Valuess and moralss are non merely practical affairs that we can extricate through consistent statements ; they are a combination of ideas and feelings closely linked to action working with carers which can be a really complex and sensitive procedure. There must be differentiations on how to use societal work values and moralss into their professional work, without doing personal struggle. Social work will ever be a ambitious and challenging procedure for all societal workers. There are many cases in professional life where simple replies are non available to decide complex ethical issues. Personal values are a set of moral beliefs alone to each individual. Some factors that can act upon our personal values are households, spiritual beliefs, instruction and wider social norms. Thompson ( 2001 ) uses a theoretical account known as the PCS theoretical account, which explains how personal, cultural and structural degrees of value affect the manner we think. In the structural degree, it is shown how society by and large views things. I can see how of import my personal value base has become and how it can act upon and impact my turning professional cognition and values. I basically believe that contemplation has helped vastly already and it will ever be of import for pattern now and in the hereafter. Reflexive-therapeutic attack is geared towards advancing and easing personal growing in order to enable people to cover with agony and disadvantage they experience . Thompson ( 2005 ) I assumed my values and beliefs would hold arisen from my household, societal activity and personal experiences, neer taking the political and societal facets into history. I now realise, through contemplation, values and beliefs can be influenced by many things such as parents, media, equals, civilization and faith ( Parrott, 2006 ) . I steadfastly disagree with most of my parent s values and beliefs and have non taken these on board. I am truly get downing to understand how naif I was about people s religion and beliefs. I am now really cognizant of my actions and believe I now take duty for them and am able reflect on how of import a individual s civilization is to their individuality. I have neer felt I would know apart against people on the evidences of their race, faith, civilization, linguistic communication, societal position and life style. In decision I have attempted to show my understanding and cognition of societal work values that I have gained over the last twelvemonth whilst shiping on my grade, my cognition and apprehension and personal positions have been challenged leting me to reflect on how I look at everything, now far more in deepness, peculiarly disputing my values doing me cognizant of how judgemental and media driven I was. I am now cognizant that there are ever two sides to every narrative and that the media merely want to sell newspapers, they have really few consciences in how they achieve this. I believe everybody is entitled to an sentiment within a democracy trusting this would act upon peoples ways of believing whilst being respectful to others and making so in peaceable and anti-discriminatory manner. Social work is political activity, that operates within the context of sets of power dealingss, the power of the jurisprudence and the province, inherent in societal divisions such as category, race, gender and the micro degree power of personal interactions. Indeed, power can be seen to run at all three degrees, personal, cultural A ; structural . Thompson ( 1998 ) We need to care more for carers as they are an highly valuable portion of society salvaging the state one million millions in attention measures every twelvemonth. Sympathizing the belief carers should hold more rights to information and services available to them ; it is a really hard and nerve-racking experience to travel though when your life alterations dramatically and your universe is turned upside down from what you know. It is difficult plenty to acquire used to the alterations without being oppressed by the province, which frequently say sorry you do non run into out standards . From personal experience I can state that when I asked for aid I was in a truly hard topographic point and unsure where to travel or what to make. I was non given any advice or signposted to voluntary services. This led to me going ailing and unable to run into my Autistic kids s demands which affected our whole household unit as my hubby so had to take clip off from work to look after our kids and I. I had to give up my occupation and go a full clip parent/carer, taking away my independency ; it was a dilemma my hubby and I had to face which besides had fiscal deductions. As a societal worker I will endeavor to run into the demands for the service user by adhering to the codifications and moralss, handling them all with self-respect, recommending societal justness to persons with the belief everybody is entitled to equality and protection from unfairness and favoritism, be empathetic, honest, authorising and maintain them informed I believe this goes a long manner to constructing a professional relationship whilst working in partnership with the carer. Word Count: 1978 Mentions: 527 Mentions: Beck, V. and Beck-Gernsheim, E. ( 1999 ) The Normal Chaos of Love, Cambridge: Civil order. Dominelli, L. ( 2002 ) Anti-Oppressive Social Work Theory and Practice, Basingstoke: MacMillan. General Social Care Council ( 2002 ) Codes of Practice. London. Gillon, R ( 1992 ) Philosophical Medical Ethics, London: Antony Rowe Ltd. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.basw.co.uk/about/codeofethics/ [ accessed 2 Jun 2010 ] Hollinrake, S. ( 2010 ) Valuess and Ethical motives, ( .pdf ) The problem with Harry: Why the New Agenda of Life Politics fails to convert , cited in ( 2009 ) British Journal of Social Work. [ Lecture to BA Hons Social Work Year 1 ] 4 Jun 2010. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.carers.org/ [ accessed 4 Jun 2010 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ifsw.org/p38000020.html [ accessed 2 Jun 2010 ] OLoughlin, M. and Mcloughlin, S. ( 2008 ) Social Work with Children and Families, 2nd Edition, Exeter: Learning Matters. Parker, J. ( 2006 ) Effective Practice Learning In Social Work, Exeter: Learning Matters. Parrott, L. ( 2006 ) Valuess and Ethical motives in Social Work Practice, Exeter: Learning Matters. Thomas, M. and Pierson, J. ( 1999 ) Dictionary of Social Work, London: HarperCollins. Thompson, N. ( 2006 ) Peoples Problems, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Thompson, N. ( 2001 ) Anti-Discriminatory Practice, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan Thompson, N. ( 2005 ) Understanding Social Work, Fixing For Practice ( 2nd ed. ) , Basingstoke: Palgrave. Appendix 2 Features of Carers 3.3 million adult females ; 2.4 million work forces ; Most likely to be aged 45-64 ; 9 out of 10 carers attention for a comparative 2 out of 10 for spouse or partner 4 out of 10 for parent ( s ) One half of all carers look after person aged over75 18 % of carers look after more than one individual. Economic position 49 per cent of carers in Great Britain are working, either full or portion clip. A farther 26 per cent are retired. The balance 25 per cent -are either unemployed or economically inactive which includes those unable to work, possibly because of their ain unwellness or disablement or because of the nature of their lovingness duties Carers.org [ Accessed 02.06.2010 ]

How far did Henry VIII continue the policies of his father 1509-1514 Essay Example

How far did Henry VIII continue the policies of his father 1509 How far did Henry VIII continue the policies of his father 1509-1514 Essay How far did Henry VIII continue the policies of his father 1509-1514 Essay Essay Topic: History Henry VIIs domestic and foreign policies were primarily driven by greed. His ritualistic counting of coins in the bedroom was his favourite past time and through his desire to be wealthy, he would go to great lengths, regardless of how unpopular he became, to achieve it. Henry VII ruled England atypically and was unimpressed by the widely respected chilvary of his predecessors, more concerned with security, he spent much of his time calming down risings in his own country. Henry VIII however, was in awe of great warriors such as Henry V and The black prince; he believed that a king must fight to prove himself and strove throughout his reign to emulate the respect and military prowess of his heroes. I consider that the fundamental differences in character and politics between the two kings will help to explain why Henry did or did not continue the policies of his father between 1509-1514. Both Kings had very different aims when they came to the throne, Henry VIIs was primarily to secure the throne for his male heir but Henry VIIIs aims were far more ambitious. He had grown up hearing of tales of The black prince and the great triumphs of Henry V, so at the age of seventeen years and nine months, Henry was determined to emulate the success of his contemporaries. He strongly believed in the English kings ancient claims to the French throne and was determined to claim it. Henry VII in contrast however, had no such ambitious and was relatively uninterested in foreign war and the French crown; he placed far more importance of establishing himself and his heir as the rightful succession on the throne. In domestic policy the two kings differed less perhaps than in foreign. Henry began his reign by marrying Catherine of Argon although this fulfilled Henry VIIs treaty obligation it was however the first sign the Henry was unlikely to follow in his fathers footsteps. After the death of Henry VIIIs older brother, Catherine of Argon was widowed, through Henry VIIs greed for money he demanded that she could not remarry the younger son unless another dowry was paid. Her fathers refusal condemned her to the tower of London and only with Henry VIIIs rise to monarch was she freed and married. This perhaps was a sign from Henry, since he made a point that his first action would go against the wishes of his father. Henry VII had famously never got along with the nobility largely due to the large taxes he continued to place upon them during his reign, the tax collectors Epson and Dudley were executed once Henry VIII was in power. Their removal was a calculated ploy to enable the new regime profit from the stability won by Henry VII without incurring any of its attendant stigma. Henry VIII did therefore inherit a far more peaceful and united England than his father did in 1485. Henry VII inherited a far less stable England and throughout his reign he continued to suppress uprisings from impersonators such as Perkin and Warbeck and was constantly under the threat of other claimants to the throne. The execution of Empson and Dudley demonstrated that Henry sought to create new links with the nobility in spite of his fathers dislike and mistrust. His father had been so wary of the nobility in high places that he had set up The council learned, made up of professionals with whom he would converse with about policys rather than the nobility. Henry VIII also dissolved this, as well as removing many of the bonds his father had placed to tax the nobles. He did however not remove them all, perhaps an indication that he was not all that dissimilar from his father in some respects. Henry VIIs desire for money bordered on an obsession for him and he even threatened, though never planned to follow up, war with France in the October war in order to get a regular pension if he promised not to invade. He was meticulous with money and taxed whenever he could, perhaps the main reason he was so uninterested in war was because it was so expensive. Henry VIII in stark contrast however was very extravagant and felt the best way money could be spent was on war. He had very little interest in the administrative side, he loathed writing letters and persuading him to write his signature was a taxing situation for his council. Henry VIII allowed his council the freedom to initiate policy on many matters, far more so than Henry VII. As a much younger king he indulged in sports such as jousting and hunting and spent little time contemplating policy. Through his love of sports he had exposure to many of the nobles and it helped him create good relations with them. It was in fact the nobles influence, which encouraged Henrys desire for the French crown, something his father had shown little interest in. Henry VIIs foreign policy was principally the maintenance of international security and when England was relegated to a second rate power as Spain rose to become Frances main rival, Henry VII was unconcerned. He was not interested in establishing England as a great power, nor was he interested in being recognised among the other rulers in Europe, his son however was rather different. Due to Henry VIIIs insecurity, he was desperate for recognition and glory. Frustrated at Englands irrelevant position in Europe and little power he resolved to make England great again. In 1513, the chief advisor to the king and Lord Chancellor, Wolsey ordinated Henrys invasion of France, where Henry gained the occupation of Therouanne and Tournai. Although these conquests were of little strategic value, Henry prided himself on his victory and felt that he was a step closer to establishing himself as a great warrior. His father had signed a one-year true with France in January 1489 and when he died he had left his son in a position where he was in good relations with the powers of Europe. He had maintained the triangular alliance that he had so craved after several claimants to the throne had been backed by foreign powers. He was acutely aware of his vulnerable border with Scotland due to its French alliance and had been meticulous in creating security for himself and his heir. Henry VIII however desired no such alliances and this was evident by his wars with France and Scotland in 1513. As a result of the war with France, they began to repay the pension that Henry VII had threatened to go to war for all those years ago. In this respect perhaps, Henry did continue the policies of his father to some extent. However the war with Scotland did not however, as his father had always tried to ensure good relations between them due to their precarious border and alliance with the French. The war with Scotland, the Battle of Flodden took place on 9th of September 1513 and saw the massacre of King James and his son the Archbishop of St. Andrews, another bishop, two abbots, twelve earls, fourteen lords almost the whole Scottish aristocracy and knights, gentlemen and commons. On 22nd of August that year James IV had crossed the border to England near Coldstream with 20. 000 men. The Earl of Surrey, who had already fought in the War of Roses yet 70 years old marched north carrying the banner of St. Cuthbert, led England to victory. Although Thomas Cromwell called both wars ungracious dogholes in 1523, Henry was thrilled. Afterwards he negotiated a treaty of peace between Louis XII and recovered the French pension. As Henry VIIIs reign unfolded, he added imperial concepts of kingship to existing feudal ones and he strove to give meaning to the words Rex imperator, unheard of since the Roman empire and it is I consider through these chivalrous dreams that he went to war with France and Scotland in 1513. Henry VII and Henry VIII had very different ideas of what was expected from a king and I consider that although Henry VII had restored stability and royal authority, it may have been for reasons of character as much as policy that his son resolved to augment his regal power. Henry VII desire for stability and money meant that he had little interest in the danger and expense of war, his sons more traditional views and imperialistic concepts of kingship craved recognitions a great warrior like his hero Henry V. These differences explain the very different foreign policies of the kings as well as much of their domestic policies and although Henry did not abolish all his fathers taxes, he did destroy the careful alliances he had built up through his reign. For these reason therefore I consider that Henry VIII did not continue the policies of his father to a great extent, if at all and that their fundamental principles and politics varied greatly.

Zheng Hes Treasure Ships of the Ming Dynasty

Zheng Hes Treasure Ships of the Ming Dynasty Between 1405 and 1433, Ming China under the rule of Zhu Di, sent out enormous armadas of ships into the Indian Ocean commanded by the eunuch admiral Zheng He. The flagship and other largest treasure junks dwarfed European ships of that century; even  Christopher Columbuss flagship, the Santa Maria, was between 1/4 and 1/5 the size of Zheng Hes. Drastically changing the face of Indian Ocean trade and power, these fleets embarked on seven epic voyages under Zheng Hes guidance, resulting in a rapid expansion of Ming Chinas control in the region, but also of their struggle to maintain it in years to come due to the financial burden of such endeavors. Sizes According to Ming Chinese Measurements All of the measurements in the remaining Ming Chinese records of the Treasure Fleet are in a unit called zhang, which is made up of ten chi or Chinese feet. Although the exact length of a zhang and chi has varied over time, the Ming chi was probably about 12.2 inches (31.1 centimeters) according to Edward Dreyer. For ease of comparison, the measurements below are given in English feet. One English foot is equivalent to 30.48 centimeters. Incredibly, the largest ships in the fleet (called baoshan, or treasure ships) were likely between 440 and 538 feet long by 210 feet wide. The 4-decked baoshan had an estimated displacement of 20-30,000 tons, roughly 1/3 to 1/2 the displacement of modern American aircraft carriers. Each had nine masts on its deck, rigged with square sails that could be adjusted in series to maximize efficiency in different wind conditions. The Yongle Emperor ordered the construction of an amazing 62 or 63 such ships for Zheng Hes first voyage, in 1405. Extant records show that another 48 were ordered in 1408, plus 41 more in 1419, along with 185 smaller ships throughout that time. Zheng Hes Smaller Ships Along with dozens of baoshan, each armada included hundreds of smaller ships. The eight-masted ships, called machuan or horse ships, were about 2/3 the size of the baoshan  measuring approximately 340 feet by 138 feet. As indicated by the name, the machuan carried horses along with timber for repairs and tribute goods. Seven-masted liangchuan or grain ships carried rice and other food for the crew and soldiers in the fleet. Liangchuan was about 257 feet by 115 feet in size. The next ships in descending order of size were the zuochuan, or troopships, at 220 by 84 feet with each transport ship having six masts. Finally, the small, five-masted warships or zhanchuan, each about 165 feet long, were designed to be maneuverable in battle. Though tiny compared with the baochuan, the zhanchuan were more than twice as long as Christopher Columbuss flagship, the Santa Maria. The Treasure Fleets Crew Why did Zheng He need so many huge ships? One reason, of course, was shock and awe. The sight of these enormous ships appearing on the horizon one by one must have been truly incredible for the people all along the Indian Oceans rim and would have enhanced Ming Chinas prestige immeasurably. The other reason was that Zheng He traveled with an estimated 27,000 to 28,000 sailors, marines, translators and other crew members. Along with their horses, rice, drinking water, and trade goods, that number of people required a staggering amount of room aboard the ship. In addition, they had to make space for the emissaries, tribute goods and wild animals that went back to China.

Perceived Leader Integrity Scale Personal Statement

Perceived Leader Integrity Scale - Personal Statement Example As per the results, I will judge the personality of my supervisor by comparing the results with the actual personality of my supervisor. In comparison, I will state whether I agree with the results or not. In the end, I will state couple of examples to prove accuracy of my findings. We all know that Perceived Leadership Integrity Scale is used to measure the ethical status of any person as well as it is an assessment of any one for his or her leadership qualities. We can judge on the basis of this scale score that whether the person is eligible for the leadership post or not. Similarly, I have completed the integrity scale for my supervisor and I am not surprised with the results I got from it, since, my supervisor is a truly kind and honest person. I am pleased to state that I got a score of 32 for my supervisor that will never be surprising to anyone who knows him closely. Now I would like to give couple of examples to support my assessment regarding my supervisor. I still remember the day when I came to this institute as a newbie. My supervisor was the first person with whom I met that day. Very politely, he gave me many advices that I couldn’t forget for my whole life. He advised me to be honest not only for being a student but for my whole life. He made me realize the importance of truth and honesty in anyone’s life. When someone is teaching about honesty and loyalty then how come he is a liar himself? That’s why I more than believe that my supervisor is highly ethical and deserves 32 score. Another example of the high ethics of my supervisor is, one day I was late for my class and I had to pay the fine amount for getting late. On that day I forgot to get my money because I was already late for the institute. I let him know the entire story and the reason for my delay to the class. Though he possess soft corner for everyone but that doesn’t mean that he bends rules as per his needs. He didn’t ask me to omit the fine but very

Media Study Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Media Study Assignment - Essay Example Primary journalistic beats and comparison with other newspapers The stories covered in the newspaper are mostly issue-centric related to public cause and the role of the politicians in improving the current scenario like â€Å"Occupy Ann-Arbor†, â€Å"Ann-Arbor City Council Candidates Discuss Public Safety†. It also covered news on some exclusive events and developments in the university campus like â€Å"Hundreds of E-mails Spam Students on U List serve†. The theme of the newspaper seems to have ample material to grab the interest of the readers. In comparison, another student newspaper THE DAILY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON mainly focused on stories related to the university campus like â€Å"Campus Watch: Guns on College Campuses†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , â€Å"A Catwalk to Education†. The difference between the two is in their unique style of presentation and layout. THE MICHIGAN DAILY seems to have two segments of stories. The ones related to Ann-Arbor commu nity are thematic as they are issue based and the others about the campus are episodic as they are event based. But the other daily covers stories that primarily revolve around information about the university activities. Therefore the stories are mainly episodic as each one records a specific action. In way of presentation THE MICHIGAN DAILY seems to hold a neutral stand and opts for a non-committal role whereas THE DAILY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON seems to be more direct in its approach and tone. The news story and the four information biases The story that I have chosen for my analysis is â€Å"Occupy Ann-Arbor† from THE MICHIGAN DAILY. The article is the follow-up of the article â€Å"Occupy Wall Street† by the same writer and discusses about the protest movement undertaken by the common people of Ann-Arbor against the politicians for protecting the rights of the common people. The reason for selecting this particular beat is that it reflects the four informat ion biases mentioned by Lance Bennett. The article starts with the lines â€Å"In the middle of Occupy Ann Arbor’s assembly on the Diag last night, University alum Matt Bussey asked the crowd of about 200 students and Ann Arbor residents to take out their cell phones and call U.S. Rep. John Dingell (D–Mich.).† The effect is clearly one of dramatization. The story is captured right in the middle of an extremely provoking action. Throughout the article the focus has been on maintaining the high drama quotient by the use of action words, direct quotations and criticizing remark. But drama does not seem complete without the involvement of some personality and a collision with authority. This explains the attempt to personalize the story by referring to characters and at same time making an implication towards authority-disorder. In this article people like Whitney Miller and Luciana Sabgash who were involved with the movement are directly quoted. Sabgash’s di sappointment with the system is conveyed in her words â€Å"I voted for none of this. I voted for change and saw all the same.† Most of the readers would share the same feeling and immediately connect with the story. The disgruntled attitude of the common people towards the political rulers is the bottom line of the article. The authority-disorder bias underpins the entire argument. Though the

Academic Qualification Ensures Success in Life Essay Example for Free

Academic Qualification Ensures Success in Life Essay The definition of success differs from person to person and field to field. One could take economic success as a touchstone to label a person successful in life, ignoring his of her other failures, like divorce, health, inefficiency, etc. Others may look at a capacity for overcoming challenges, irrespective of what someone earns and the nature of their private life. So who is a successful person and who is a failure? Do school and college grades and examination results provide a way of predicting or ensuring future success? If that is true, then we should encourage as many young people as possible to go to university and work hard to gain formal qualifications. But is it true? Aren’t some college drop-outs like Bill Gates and Richard Branson hugely successful icons of success? And should we automatically consider the millions of young people who have not had the opportunity to gain academic certificates to be failures in life? Success never depends upon grades. If success and opportunities were measured by grades then the corporate world and potential marriage partners would not ask for biodata in resumes, where other qualifications are also mentioned. Nor would they interview the prospects in order to find out what they are like as people, rather they would give a blind appointment to the people with the best paper qualifications. So qualifications alone are never enough, success depends upon physical characteristics, personality, and a willingness to work hard. Success is not getting a grade or a degree, if that was it then why arent all the graduates from Harvard, Oxford or Cambridge uniformly successful? The rule of success is hard work and destiny of course. If a student of engineering gets good grades but he is not practically effective in relationship-buildings and solving crises or proper planning, even though he may be successful in getting a job but it will not lead him far. On the way he is sure to fade out. If you look into a directory of successful people who are doctors, engineers and IT professionals, then you will notice that many of them dream to be employed by people like Bill Gates or Richard Branson, who are prosperous despite not having college degrees. In other words, prosperity does not depend upon academic qualifications but upon opportunities provided by entrepreneurs who may not be necessarily be highly educated. Successful entrepreneurs even benefit from not having academic qualifications, because going to college and taking examinations forces people to learn and think like millions of other graduates. This actually makes it less likely that they will come up with the truly mould-breaking insights and â€Å"disruptive† ideas on which successful innovations and new business models are built. Unfortunately the materialistic world has changed the concept of success. It has become a rat-race where every student chases grades and therefore the entire perception of success and prosperity has changed. Rather than studying to reach our full potential, we do it because we think it is necessary for a successful career. So we spend ten years in school and a few more years of our precious life in college to get educated, then more time is passed in hunting for jobs. Even after that we may find ourselves in the wrong profession and lacking job satisfaction. And then recession comes along, when we are told that our wealth has been blown away by the foolishness of expensive fat-salaried CEOs. Now comes a time when we go to work with a constant fear of losing the job we don’t enjoy. Is this the correct understanding of prosperity? So now the definition of success is changed. If you are able to save your job then you are successful! Can academic qualification stop us from becoming a civilization of drunkards, rapists and war-mongers, marked by broken families, domestic violence and crime? If you look at countries where the largest number of people have higher academic qualifications, they are the ones most affected by social breakdown. And would you call the conduct of the US wars on Iraq and Afghanistan a successful example of the superiority of the US economy and society? In fact true success is shown in having the moral courage to speak out against atrocities and injustice, showing generosity towards the poor, and respecting our parents. These are characteristics which are found in people from all social and educational backgrounds, but often absent in many educated Americans and Europeans, in spite of the universities they have been to and the grades they have achieved. Often academic qualifications have no real relevance to the jobs graduates are employed to do. A few decades ago employers in areas such as banking, engineering, management and government service recruited people straight from school at the age of 15 or 16, training them on the job and promoting them to higher levels of responsibility according to their ability. Today none of these jobs has changed very much, but all now require applicants have a university degree. Why has this changed? One reason is that the upper and middle classes are trying to protect their own jobs – demanding new recruits have expensive academic qualifications excludes many talented young people from poorer backgrounds.

Things that will Help you through College Essay -- English Literature

Things that will Help you through College Many people believe being a college student is easy, but it is not. I was one of those people, before I started college. After starting college, I realized that it was nothing like I thought it was going to be. I had to learn how to manage my time wisely, pay attention in class, be on time to every class, do things that are hardest first, and ask for help when needed. How can I be successful, if I do not do these things? Managing my time was the hardest for me to do. I have to keep a house clean, take care of two dogs, write letters to my husband, and find time to study. I decided that it was best to clean my house in the morning, and do my studying in the afternoon. I would take the dogs out in between cleaning and studying. Before getting ready for bed, I would write my letters to my husband. Having a schedule is better then trying to cram everything in at one time. Paying attention and taking notes will help me get better grades. If I do not do these things in class, I will not be able to pass. It is very important to know what to do so that I do it right the first time. For instance, I have an assignment due by Thursday. How will I know what to do on it if I was not paying attention? Many people are tardy. I have learned since I have started college that if I was to be tardy three time it counts as an absent. I have only been tardy once, and I try to be on time. After being absent so many days that affects my GPA, and I ...

Adobe Flash Player Essay

The Adobe Flash Player is freeware software for viewing multimedia, executing rich Internet applications, and streaming video and audio, content created on the Adobe Flash platform. Flash Player can run from a web browser (as a browser plug-in) or on supported mobile devices, but there also exist versions running directly on an operating system intended both for regular users and content developers, denoted with the Projector (or Standalone) and Debugger name suffixes, respectively. 2] Flash Player runs SWF files that can be created by the Adobe Flash Professional authoring tool, by Adobe Flex or by a number of other Macromedia and third party tools. Flash Player was created by Macromedia and now developed and distributed by Adobe Systems after its acquisition. Flash Player supports vector and raster graphics, 3D graphics, an embedded scripting language called ActionScript executed in ActionScript Virtual Machine, and streaming of video and audio. See more:Â  Social Satire in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Essay ActionScript is based on ECMAScript, and supports object-oriented code, and may be compared to JavaScript. Flash Player has a wide user base, with over 90% penetration on internet connected personal computers,[3][4][5] and is a common format for games, animations, and GUIs embedded into web pages. Adobe Systems, the developer of Adobe Flash Player, states that more than 400 million of total more than 1 billion connected desktops update to the new version of Flash Player within six weeks of release. 6] Flash Player can be downloaded for free and its plug-in version is available for recent versions of web browsers (such as Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome, Opera and Safari) on selected platforms. Google Chrome distribution comes bundled with the sandboxed Adobe Flash plug-in and will continue to support the plug-in in Windows 8 Metro mode. [7][8][9] Each version of Adobe Flash Player is backwards-compatible.

Low birth weight and preterm babies Essay

Low birth weight and preterm babies in United States is increasing. Low birth weight babies are babies who are born with the birth weight of less than 5 lbs. either due to preterm delivery or due to restriction of growth inside the uterus. These low birth weight babies are at increased risk for early death and long-term health and developmental issues than infants born later in pregnancy or at higher birth weights. Not all preterm infants are low birth weight, and vice versa. Racial/Ethnic and Socioeconomic Disparities: Disparities in racial and culture exist with preterm and low birth weight infants. According to child health USA 2010 report, low birth weight infants who were born to non-Hispanic black women were more than the infants born to other racial and ethnic group. The infants born to non- Hispanic black women was 3.0 percent whereas the infants born to non- Hispanic white women was only 1.2 percent. The American Indian was 1.3 percent and the all other races were 1.5 percent with low birth weight infants. Causes for preterm and low birth weight babies: Previous delivery of low birth weight babies or preterm deliveries. Teen of age less than 20 years or advanced maternal age of greater than 35 years. Any maternal health problems such as hypertension, Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD’s). Use of substance abuse during pregnancy such as alcohol, cigarette smoking and cocaine use. Low socio-economic status with no medical insurance, Lack of nutrition at the time of pregnancy. Physical and mental stress during pregnancy. Violence, abuse or exposures to secondhand smoke are some of the causes for preterm and low birth weight infants (Morrin, 2008, p.8). Impact on family and society: Preterm and low birth weight infants possess greater risk not only for the infants, but also for the families and the society as well. The impact of very low-birth-weight infants on the family is long lasting. Preterm  infants born at less than 34 weeks are at high risk for poor outcomes, including chronic health conditions, long-term disability, and death. The loss of a baby can be a devastating experience for a family. Many preterm and low birth weight infants that survive the perinatal period are vulnerable to a host of childhood morbidities such as cerebral palsy, chronic lung disease, and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Adolescents born prior to 35 weeks of completed gestation have been shown to have a higher degree of abnormal brain development and cognitive and behavioral problems than adolescents born full-term. These poorer birth outcomes have also been associated with serious health conditions in adulthood, such as cardiovascular disease, Type II diabetes, and hypertension. The financial costs associated with treating preterm labor and delivery is quite high. The parents of low birth weight infants have higher scores for financial burden, familial/social impact, personal strain, and mastery. And they experience more impact when children had a functional handicap or low adaptive developmental quotient (â€Å"APHA: Policy Statement Database†, August 11, 2006). In the society they cause more medical costs due to the length of stay in neonatal intensive care unit. Usually women with poor socio economic conditions, homeless are greatest risk for low birth weight infants and they have no medical insurances. This possesses greater impact on the society because their costs have to be picked up by Medicaid or the hospital system. Regarding community resources, I feel there are enough resources available in the community for preterm infants and their families, The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is currently promoting preconception and post conception care as critical to improve the health of the nation. Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) to improve outcomes for the mother and her family. New Jersey has lots of support services for pregnant women and women with low birth weight infants, they are, Nutrition programs, food banks, and food stamps Financial assistance for medical care, utilities, and unemployment benefits Organizations for children with special developmental or medical needs Head Start and other educational programs Medical care and insurance resources Counseling services and more (Preemie care, n.d). References: APHA: Policy Statement Database. (August 11, 2006). Retrieved April 15, 2014, from http://www.apha.org/advocacy/policy/policysearch/default.htm?id=1326 Morrin, J. (2008, September). Addressing Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Low Birth weight for Connecticut. Retrieved April 15, 2014, from http://www.ct.gov/dph/lib/dph/family_health/health_disparities_in_lbw_final_report_10_1_08.pdf Preemie Care -RSV (Respiratory syncytial virus) Awareness & Prevention. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.preemiecare.org/supportgroups.htm#NJ Very Low Birth Weight – Child Health USA 2010. (n.d.). Retrieved April 15, 2014, from http://www.mchb.hrsa.gov/chusa10/hstat/hsi/pages/203vlbw.html.

5 Steps to Create Your Own Career Path

5 Steps to Create Your Own Career Path Whether you’re a recent grad trying to plan your next steps, hoping to move up in the ranks in your current office, a career changer who’s ready for new professional opportunities, or returning to the workforce after time away, The National Association of Professional Women has provided a list of planning tips to get you started! Step 1: EvaluateFirst things first–begin by taking stock of your current job or skill-set; are there potential opportunities for advancement? Are you satisfied there? Do you need to look into new certifications or positions that might interest you more?Step 2: Write It DownWhether you like to write on paper or type a note in your phone, capture your brainstorming in some visual way so you can refer back to it regularly. It’s the best way to hold yourself accountable to your list of goals and career objectives.Step 3: NetworkFrom senior colleagues to mentors from past educational or professional opportunities, chances are you alrea dy know people who can help you learn more about the field you’re hoping to enter or advance in. Ask questions, take people out for coffee, reconnect online, and attend local career fairs in search of advice and behind-the-scenes insights. Your friends and co-workers can’t help you find it if they don’t know what you’re looking for!Step 4: Seek HelpYou may want to consider working with a professional career coach, who can assess your background and potential objectively, to help prepare and motivate your quest to make significant career changes. Temp agencies may also be able to help you find short term gigs that pay the bills, fill your resume and keep you busy.Step 5: Monitor and ReviewChange doesn’t happen overnight–check in with your list of goals, be patient, and take it from the National Association of Professional Women–â€Å"Remember, be flexible, stay positive and keep forging ahead.†Remember to take good care of yours elf too–whether you’re searching for an entirely new job or hoping to make changes in your current role, it can be stressful and time-consuming, but taking the time to self-evaluate and make a wish-list can help you stay focused and identify opportunities to make progress.5 Steps to Creating a Career Path That Will Work For YouRead More at The Business Journals–

Dos and Donts of Writing a Law School Resume

Dos and Donts of Writing a Law School Resume Some schools require that applicants submit a law school resume, but even if not requested, you should most likely send one anyway. Why? Because a resume can give you an added chance to show the admissions officers that you’re prepared to come into their school and make a difference. Indeed, this short summary of your professional and personal qualifications can end up being a very important component of your file, so you want to dedicate some time to putting forth the best law school resume you can. What follows are some tips for preparing your law school resume, namely what you should and shouldn’t do. What You Should and Shouldnt Do 1. DO set aside a couple hours to sit down and think about all the things you’d like to include on your law school resume. Start by asking yourself these questions for information-gathering purposes. 2. DO organize your resume using the sections Education, Honors Awards, Employment, and Skills Achievements.   3. DO emphasize activities, hobbies, interests, or experiences that demonstrate personal drive, responsibility, determination, dedication, language proficiency, compassion, extensive travel (especially international), cultural experiences, and community involvement. 4. DO proofread your resume several times and ask someone you trust to do so as well. 5. DO worry about presentation. For example, if you’re putting periods at the ends of bullet points, make sure you do so for each and every one. For more tips on what you should be looking for besides spelling and grammar errors, see the Law School Resume Style Guide. 6. DON’T simply use a work resume that you’ve been using and updating for years. You need to gear your resume to law school admissions officers, who are looking for different things than potential employers are. 7. DON’T include â€Å"Objective† or â€Å"Summary of Qualifications† sections. These are great in work resumes, but they serve absolutely no purpose in a law school resume and only take up valuable space. 8. DON’T include activities from high school unless they are extremely significant, like winning a national debate competition or performing at a very high athletic level. 9. DON’T include activities you only did for a short time or a long list of insignificant summer jobs. You can sum up such things in just a sentence or so if you really want to include them. 10. DON’T go longer than two pages. For most law school applicants, one page is plenty, but if you’ve been out of school for a considerable amount of time or have an unusual number of significant life experiences, a second page is fine. Very few people should go to that third page, though.

My Role Model Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

My Role Model - Essay Example Eventually, she was fined. Nevertheless, this event sparked the Black people to organize themselves to protest against the injustices being served to the them in the leadership of King. Obviously, the less known bravery of the woman benefited a lot of people not only during her time but also during current times. Although modern equality does not satisfy the hero so much, it is still a great accomplishment that the Black people and other races in America are given greater chances to opportunities in contrast to the situations before and after World War II as a result of her act of defiance to the busing system. For me, standing out in the crowd of powerful and racist people is not only dangerous but life-threatening and so I look at Parks not as an ordinary courageous person but the picture of courage itself. In the midst of adversities, she stood strong and unshakeable. As a result, many people are enjoying the privileges of a peaceful and successful life. Courage is everywhere but only a handful few are able to embrace and use it. Among them is Rosa Parks, a person worthy of people’s praise and

Teaching Prediction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Teaching Prediction - Essay Example The first step encourages metacognitive thinking by having the students think about their own life experiences in relation to the article. A brief explanation of the article or story is presented and students pause to try and make connections with the topic to their own life experiences. This is also the step when students would think about prior learning if the reading were a summary or culminating activity relative to learning in another school subject. Making connections across the curriculum through reading has been shown to also help students retain more important information. The second step in the process is a question sequence that begins with a stated main idea. This is then followed with a question designed to get students to think about how this main idea is connected to their prior learning and experiences. Students are then instructed to write a prediction about what the article or story will say about the main idea based on the students personal experiences with the subject. The last step involves the independent reading of the story or article. They then discuss their predictions as a class and compare their past experiences to the information and experiences conveyed in the text. This method is especially appropriate for a sixth grade literature class. Children this age have had enough life experiences to have a broader range of existing knowledge to draw upon, allowing for a more diverse conversation about each topic. Also, as young adolescents, sixth graders have a growing awareness of themselves. Their metacognitive abilities are rapidly developing or ripe to be developed. Finally, I feel that this is an especially good method to use for sixth grade students because students this age a capable of sustained independent reading. Individual students will vary in their proficiency at this task, but most will be able to accomplish the third step

Education by computer - a better way Research Paper

Education by computer - a better way - Research Paper Example Utilizing computer-mediated communication provides solutions to evaluate the above mentioned issues by creating an interactive forum. The use of computers by students and teachers can achieve higher levels of insight when sharing resources at a personalized level such as computers. This is in cases where teachers offer students learning problems, and using computer mediated communication, students can brainstorm via peer apprenticeship learning (Soong 596). Computers in the education environment, as mentioned above, can also be used to back up lessons and brainstorming sessions for purposes of later use where they can be printed out, and teachers can view the thought process of their students. It is through this means that a teacher can understand the struggles of students in the subject areas they are involved. As a result, computers in education provide rich information in co-construction of knowledge and negotiations between them, as well, this way, hidden meta-cognitive activitie s, are exposed for mediation purposes by the teacher and curriculum developers. In addition, computers eliminate the barrier of overt observation and student feedback to correct mistakes. This is through advanced interception of learning and other issues they may be facing difficulties before students as earlier stated, air them. With this in mind, sharing information and collaboration between multiple students is eased rather than before the use of computers. This is because with computer-mediated communication, top students can help those with difficulties easily and without consuming much time. Computers in education can improve learning through the concept of virtualization, where it helps in budgeting school resources. This is concerning the use of multiple computers at the same time, meaning that schools have plenty of hardware to the extent that some of it gets obsolete. In this case, schools are faced with the dilemma of discarding the older computers for new ones or buying new hardware altogether. The concept of virtualization comes in handy by providing an opportunity where the school’s budget can be saved for more important aspects of education (IBM 8). This is done through reusing the old computers for the same purpose only that this time they will only be used to access virtual servers for the same information they would have on their own computers. Purchasing computers is en expensive affair, but vitalizing old hardware allows schools to spend less on computers and get the same level of productivity as having new hardware. The concept of virtualization works hand in hand with long distance education. This is through facilitation of effective information presentation through applications such as PowerPoints and animation programs. Through these, lecturers have an easier task delivering content to students to students, as well as giving lectures. This is because; they facilitate audio-visual representation of information, which make the lear ning process interactive, interesting and fun for both students and teachers. This is especially the case when it comes to saving time and effort utilized in preparation and delivery of a single lesson. Moreover, time spent is reduced, as students do not need to make as many notes as presented by the teacher because; the same content is easily available to the students for

Economic Growth Models and Standards of Living

Economic Growth Models and Standards of Living Essay which examines: 1) Whether economic growth models can explain (and if so to what extent) international variation in the standard of living, and; 2) Whether there is economic convergence, that is, whether poor countries tend to grow faster than rich countries. Introduction Economic is an important factor in the development of every country. For countries, economics symbolize national power. Economic growth brings high income, consumptions and investment and reduces the poverty. Many countries which were poor are becoming rich and powerful because of economic growth. Thats why people devote themselves to study economic growth. In Macro-economics, there are some economic growth theories, such as, classical growth theory, neo-classical growth theory and endogenous growth theory. Classical growth theory emphasizes the free market, which called invisible hand. An increase in GDP will increase the population. In long run, due to the limits of resource GDP and population will decrease. This theory consists of the views of Adam Smith, David Ricardo and Karl Marx. Neo-classical theory mostly relies on Solow model which states labour, capital and technology affect economic growth. Endogenous growth theory which primarily developed by Paul Romer and Robert Lucas expresses technology is exogenous factor and policies and institutions can influence growth. Different countries have different standard of living. This difference makes people in rich countries have better welfare, public institutions, goods and service. Nevertheless, nowadays, many poor countries also focus on economic growth. This essay will analyse different poor and rich countries GDP, real GDP and other data which explains the relationship between economic growth model and international variation in the standard of living and economic convergence. Theoretical Framework Robert M. Solow, an American economist, who was also a recipient of the John Bates Clark Medal in 1961 and the Nobel Memorial Prize Laureate in Economic Sciences in 1987, is best known for his endeavours on the hypothesis of economic growth. The Solow-Swan Neo-Classical Growth Model is an exogenous growth model where Solow isolated figures in economic growth into boosts in inputs, such as labour and capital, and technical progress and prompts to the steady state equilibrium of the economy. Solow model is an exogenous growth model of long-run economic growth. Three factors: technology, capital accumulation and labour force that drive economic growth. The model attempts to explain long-run economic growth by looking at the rate of saving [s], population growth [n] and technological progress = steady state. It assumes a standard neoclassical production function with decreasing returns to capital (and labour). Given these assumptions, Solow demonstrates that with variable specialised coefficient there would be a propensity for the capital-labour ratio to change itself through time towards balance proportion in his model. (Solow, 1970) Figure 1: Solow growth model diagram (Commons.wikimedia.org, 2017) Whether the initial ratio of labour to capital is more, then labour and output would grow slowly than capital and vice versa. This growth analysis is convergent to equilibrium path the steady state to begin with any capital-labour ratio. Given exogenous s, n and g (rate of tech progress) and a Cobb-Douglas production function: Figure 2: Solow model derivation (Weil, Mankiw and Romer, 1992) According to Mankiw, Romer and Weil, s (savings) and n (population growth) determine steady-state level of income per capita [(f(k*)] ={(n+ÃŽÂ ´)/s} k*). Steady state capital-labour ratio related positively to rate of saving and negatively to rate of population growth. (Weil, Mankiw and Romer, 1992) MRW paper (1992) analyses that an Augmented Solow Model which includes accumulation of human and physical capital provides an excellent definition of the cross-country data. As long as any given rate of human capital accumulation, higher s or lower n leads to higher f(k*) and thus a higher level of H*. Human capital accumulation may be correlated with s and n, leading to omitted variable bias. Figure 3: Production Function (Weil, Mankiw and Romer, 1992) Using cross-country data, study finds s and n affect income in directions predicted by Solow, however; it does not correctly predict magnitude, effect on saving and income growth is large, the Solow model cannot account for international differences in income. Moreover, assumes omitted variables exist (human capital accumulation physical capital), estimated impacts of saving and labour force growth much larger than model predicted. Equation for income as a function of the rate of investment in physical capital, the rate of population growth and the level of human capital: Figure 4: Equation for income (Weil, Mankiw and Romer, 1992) The major part of the cross-country development literature that alludes to the Solow model has utilised a determination where international differences in the capital-output ratio are due to steady-state differences in output per person for a constant level of technology. The MRW paper shows that Solow model does not predict convergence and does not explain long run differences in growth rates, it predicts that income per capita in a given country converges to steady-state value of the country. (Weil, Mankiw and Romer, 1992) The Solow growth model correctly predicts the directions of S and N, but it does not correctly predicts the magnitudes. Convergence is slower in the augmented Solow model than in the textbook Solow model. Differences in saving, education, and population growth should explain cross country variation, but it can also explain most of the international variation. Over time there will be further inclusion of other variables as well as population growth, saving and human capital which will explain the cross-country differences, for example: tax policies, education policies, tastes for children and political stability. ANALYSIS Empirical Analysis Mankiw, Romer and Weils study explored determinants of standard of living in relation to the Solow growth model by investigating the following dimensions (Mankiw, Romer and Weil, 1992): Higher saving rate countries results in higher real income. Highly populated countries result in lower real income. (Assuming g and ÃŽÂ ´ are constant across countries). The effect of savings and population growth on real income forms the basis of the principle speculation of the Solow growth model. Recall, the computed steady state income per capita is: where ÃŽÂ ± is the capital share in income and indicates an income per capita elasticity in terms of the savings rate of approximately 0.5, and an elasticity in terms of population growth or (n + g + ÃŽÂ ´) of approximately -0.5. One of the main assumptions here is that g improvement with respect to technological progress, is constant across countries. As this improvement is not country accurate it is assumed that g is constant. Another assumption is the rate of depreciation ÃŽÂ ´ to be constant across countries as well mainly due to the lack of data in relation to variation of depreciation rates across countries. We will assume as value of g + n equal to 0.05, which is same assumption made by Mankiw, Romer and Weil in their paper (1992).ÂÂ   In the computed steady state of income per capita equation, the term A (0) illustrates various factors such as institution, technology, resources, climate and since these factors varies across countries, we must equate it: , where corresponds to country-specific shocks and is a constant. (Mankiw, Romer and Weil, 1992) Thus, by taking the log of the computed steady state income per capita equation at a given time- t, becomes the following: Like Mankiw, Romer and Weil, we need to assume that s and n are independent of the term . In other words, the average share of real investment in real GDP and the average population growth rate of a given country is independent to country-specific shocks. Based on this assumption, by accounting for the Ordinary Least Squares method, the values of coefficients of the fundamental equation can be estimated. Mankiw, Romer and Weil illustrated three reasoning for the independence assumption, that is, where s and n are independent of the term . (1992) First, savings and population growth rate are considered endogenous variables in any economic growth model. Second, according to Mankiw, Romer and Weil, many economists have presented casual verdicts regarding the association between savings, income and population growth. Third, as the model speculated the value as well as the signs of the coefficients of savings and population growth, the OLS method will allow testing for salient biases. Recall, in the right model the coefficients or elasticities of Y/L are approximately 0.5 with respect to s and approximately -0.5 with respect to (n + g + ÃŽÂ ´). Now, the joint null hypothesis for testing the model is- the Solow growth model and identifying assumptions are accurate. And the alternate joint hypothesis is- the Solow growth model and the identifying assumptions are inaccurate. If, the magnitudes of the elasticities are dissimilar to approximate values of the identifying assumption then we reject the null hypothesis. This would also mean that the Solow growth model is inaccurate and cannot account for variation in income across countries with respect to savings and population growth. H0 = The Solow growth model and the identifying assumptions are accurate. Ha = The Solow growth model and the identifying assumptions are in accurate. By running the Ordinary Least Squares method on the fundamental equation stated above, we fit a regression line that will estimate the coefficients of s and (n + g + ÃŽÂ ´). Reporting from Mankiw, Romer and Weil (1992), conditional convergence is an occurrence that the Solow growth model can speculate by limiting or controlling the factors of the steady state. Recall, the following equation will be used to run regression in order to determine for conditional convergence without human capital: Data, Empirical Methodology and Definition of Variables The data collected from the World Bank Organisation, Penn World Tables and the U.K. Data Service comprises of one dependent variable and two independent variables. The dependent variable is the log of GDP per capita and the independent variables are- log of average share of real investment in real GDP and log of average rate of growth of the working age population (15 years 64 years). The sample size is; n = 162 and the data is a cross-sectional data for the year 2007 and 1970 separately. A subsample of the data is also tested this subsample refers to the countries which form a part of the Sub-Sahara Africa region. The sample size of the subsample data is 30. (Refer to Appendix A) The following variables of the whole sample data are the following: Real GDP per capita for 1970 and 2007 respectively (Y/L: real GDP divided by the population in 1970 and 2007 respectively) Average growth rate of GDP per worker for the period 1970-2007 (Growth GDP/Worker: computed as ((GDP/Worker07)/(GDP/Worker70))(1/37) 1 ) Growth rate of population during the period from 1970 to 2007 (n: computed as ((population07/population70))(1/37) 1 ) Average investment share of real GDP per capita during the periods 1970 and 2007. (Sk: percentage share of real GDP per capita) A multivariable regression examination will be carried out on the fundamental equation stated above and a restricted regression will be carried on the same equation in order to estimate the magnitudes and signs of the coefficients of s and (n + g + ÃŽÂ ´) using Ordinary Least Squares. The OLS method does this by minimizing the difference between the observed values and the speculated values which are forecasted by the linear approximation of the data. This method is used by economists and analysts to test economic models, econometric models, and hypothesis testing using real world data. (Koutun and Karabona, 2013) The software Microsoft Excel is used to run regression analysis on the data. The Excel output will comprise of a 95% lower and upper bound confidence, in addition to the standard errors (s.e.e.), adjusted R2 and p-values which are of importance to us. A restricted regression analysis will be performed on the fundamental equation. The restricted equations without human capital is the following: ÂÂ   (without human capital) In the restricted regression analysis, the mean of the F-statistics will be accounted for as this will help us gauge whether the fit of the restricted equation is notably or not notably dissimilar from the not restricted equation. We anticipate values of both the equation to be similar, thereby the equations should also be similar, and then we can conclude by not rejecting the null hypothesis. The R2 is also known as the Coefficient of Determination which is a measure of the Goodness of Fit which describes how efficiently a model fits all the observation in a sample and can be used to predict values based on the model. The adjusted R2 is useful to check whether the addition of a variable in a model is enhancing or disrupting the model. The fit ranges from 0 to 1, and the value approaching 1 indicates a good fit. (Koutun and Karabona, 2013) The variables that are defined in Table 1 will be used in the regression analysis. Variable Definition Natural log of real GDP per capital in 2007. Natural log of average investment share of real GDP per capita during the periods 1970 and 2007. Natural log of average growth rate of GDP per worker for the period 1970-2007. The sum of technological growth and depreciation equal to 0.05. Population growth rate. Technological growth (exogenous) Capital depreciation rate. Empirical Results One of the main principles of the neoclassical Solow growth model is that a certain country attains its steady-state level of income per capita at a point where the savings rate is higher while the population growth rates, technological growth rates and depreciation of capital rates are lower. Hence, based on this principle, from the regression estimation, the following is anticipated regarding the coefficients: Positive Savings Rate coefficient. Negative (n + g + ) coefficient. Values of the coefficient ln(s) and ln(n + g + ÃŽÂ ´) should be equal in magnitude and opposite in signs. Recall, that both, the basic Solow Growth Model as well as the extended Solow Growth model are estimated by regressing the natural logarithm of real GDP per capital in 2007 to the natural logarithm of average investment share of real GDP, which is also the considered the savings rate, and the population growth rate. The estimation outcomes of the basic Solow growth model are documented in Table 2.ÂÂ   Refer to Appendix B, C, D and E. In both the samples, the coefficient of savings rate and the coefficient of the sum of population growth rates, technological advancement rates and depreciation rate have signs as anticipated. Accounting for the t-test, we also find that, in the Sub-Sahara Africa countries sample, at 5% level of significance, the savings rate that is the coefficient of ln is highly statistically significant. However, for the sample the coefficient of ln(n + g + ÃŽÂ ´) is not statistically significant. For the whole sample, both the coefficients of the estimates are not statistically significant at 5% level of significance. In addition, as per Mankiw, Romer and Weil (1992), the coefficient of the restricted regression estimate should be equal to the coefficient of ln(s) in the unrestricted estimation, holds true for both the samples in our estimation. An assertion made by the Solow growth model, which is that differences in technology accounts for the cross-country differences in labor productivity or income per capita is refuted by the regression estimated for both the samples. Notice that the Adjusted R2is approximately equal to 0.303 and 0.272 for the whole sample of countries and the Sub-Sahara Africa countries respectively. The small value of the Adjusted R2 suggests that the assertion made by the Solow model is contradicted, as most of differences in income per capita is explained by both the variables in this case. This small value of the coefficient of determination could also be due to the exclusion of some important variables in the sample data. In the steady state of income per capita, implied ÃŽÂ ± which refers to the capital share in income has a value of 0.489 and 0.488 for the whole sample and the Sub-Sahara African countries sample respectively. These values are appreciably close to the predicted values of incom e per capita elasticities which is equally to 0.5 and -0.5. Hence, the model does not significantly refute the speculation that capital share in income should be approximately one third. The regression of real GDP per capital for 2007 on average share of real investment in real GDP and population growth rate can, to a great extent, rationalize the variation in real GDP per capital i.e. income. However, as the implied ÃŽÂ ± values are not significantly high as well as not equal to predicted value of being equal to one third i.e. 0.33, one cannot conclusively conclude that the basic Solow growth model is highly successful. Absolute Convergence Model: According to the convergence theory the per capita income of richer economies is likely to grow at a slower rate in comparison poorer countries. This phenomenon can be attributed to the strength of the capital diminishing returns which is stronger in developing countries, like Brazil, India, Senegal and Mexico, in comparison to developed countries like Canada, Denmark, France, New Zealand and Australia. Based on this model, income is most likely to be negatively related with growth in income at time zero during the period of the sample, 1970-2007. We anticipate the sign of the logarithm of real GDP per worker to be negative and a high regression coefficient. Table 3: Test for Absolute Convergence. Refer to Appendix F and G The coefficient of the natural logarithm of income per worker for the whole sample has a negative sign as predicted, which is support of the convergence theory, however, in the Sub-Sahara countries sample, is does not have negative sign, in contradiction to the convergence theory. The positive coefficient of the income per worker variable for Sub-Sahara countries could also indicate while doing the test of the convergence theory, the sample needs to include some developed countries, unlike the sample of Sub-Sahara countries, in which most of the countries are either developing or underdeveloped, the support for the convergence theory cannot be tested entirely using this sample of countries. In addition, the low coefficient value of the whole sample, that is, -0.0607 also suggests that this value is not entirely statistically significant. The coefficient of determination is low in both the sample, which also indicates a weak goodness of fit for this estimation. Graph 1: Unconditional Convergence, the Whole Sample. Graph 2: Unconditional Convergence, Sub-Sahara Africa In Graph 1 and Graph 2, the x-axis represents the logarithm of real GDP per worker in 1970 while the y-axis represents the growth in income per worker during the period 1970-2007. The graphs are plotted to indicate the existence or non-existence of unconditional convergence in the whole sample of countries and the countries in the Sub-Sahara Africa sample countries. To conclude the presence of unconditional convergence we anticipate a downward-slopping trend line from left to right. Graph 1 exhibits a downward slopping trend line indicated by the black solid-dotted line which is support of the presence of convergence in the sample of countries. However, Graph 2, exhibited an upward slopping line, which is against the convergence theory. Conditional Convergence: Without Human Capital The regression coefficients are estimated by reviewing the equation (1.2); we regress the difference in the logarithm of real GDP per capita during the period 1970 to 2007 on the logarithm of real GDP per capita in 1970, also considering the savings rate and the population growth rate in the equation.ÂÂ   The sign of the coefficients is as anticipated- the savings coefficient is positive while the population growth coefficient is negative. The coefficients of the income level in 1970, the savings rate and the population growth rate are significant for both the samples. Table 4: Test for Conditional Convergence without human capital. Refer to Appendix H and I. In absolute values, the coefficient on population growth rate is greater than the coefficient on savings rate, indicating that the lower income per capita needs to spread over a larger population thereby reducing income per capita itself. Conclusion Under the principle of neoclassical Solow growth model, the regression estimation of the whole sample and Sub-Sahara we found that at 5% level of significance, the coefficient of ln(s) is highly significant while ln(n + g + ÃŽÂ ´) is not significant in Sub-Sahara and in whole sample, coefficients are both not significant. The small value of Adjusted R2 states the assertion of Solow model is contradicted. Additionally, in the steady state of income per capita, implied ÃŽÂ ± which is closed to the predicted value indicate the model does not strongly contradict the speculation that capital share in income is approximately equal to 1/3. Although the regression of real GDP in 2007 rationalizes the variance, the hypothesis, the basic Solow model which is significant successful cannot be verified because of implied ÃŽÂ ±. With regard to convergence, based on convergence theory, we calculate the logarithm of real GDP per worker. The whole sample supports the convergence while Sub-Sa hara rejects the convergence. However, the coefficient of the whole sample which is low indicates the value of coefficient is not significant. Under unconditional convergence graph, the coefficient prove the weak goodness of fit for estimation. Setting a condition of convergence, which is without human capital, the coefficients of the income level in 1970, the savings rate and the population growth rate are significant. Word Number: 3281 Bibliography Commons.wikimedia.org. (2017). File:Solow growth model1.png Wikimedia Commons. [online] Available at: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Solow_growth_model1.png [Last Accessed 20 Mar. 2017]. Koutun, Alina and Patrick Karabona. An Empirical Study Of The Solow Growth Model. MALARDALENS HOGSKOLA ESKILSTUNA VASTERAS. N.p., 2013. Web. [Last Accessed 9 Mar. 2017]. Mankiw, G. N., Romer, D., Weil, D. N. (1992, May). A Contribution to the Empirics of Economic Growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 107(2), 407-437 Solow, R. (1970). Growth theory: an exposition. 1st ed. Oxford: Clarendon, pp. Appendix A: Appendix B: Regression, the Whole Sample Appendix C: Restricted Regression, the Whole Sample Appendix D: Regression, Sub-Sahara Africa Appendix E: Restricted Regression, Sub-Sahara Africa Appendix F: Unconditional Convergence Test, the Whole Sample Appendix G: Unconditional Convergence Test, Sub-Sahara Africa Appendix H: Conditional Convergence Test, the Whole Sample Appendix I: Conditional Convergence Test, Sub-Sahara Africa

Terrorism and Subcultural Theory of Crime :: essays research papers

The horror of domestic terrorism is a problem all Americans should be concerned with, especially since there is a violent subculture in this nation which seeks out and indoctrinates people into their way of life. The crime that I will be focusing on during the course of this paper will be domestic terrorism, specifically hate groups such as the KKK, and various other white supremacy groups. The theory that I will be using to try and explain these crimes will be subcultural theory, but more especially the Subculture of Violence theory provided to us by Marvin Wolfgang and Franco Ferracutti. The reason I will be using his specific subcultural theory is because I feel that it bests describes how the people in these situations are desensitized to the evils they do and then begin to believe that the acts and beliefs are normal, or superior to all other views.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The issue of domestic terrorism has been a fairly recent phenomenon. With little attention given until such acts as the Oklahoma City Bombing and the Unabomber made national headlines. It is because of this that there has been little research done on the area and most of the research there is focuses on the hate groups associated with the acts of violence. A strong force in the domestic terrorist movement is the fervent anti-government stance that these groups internalize. As Mark Hamm wrote in 1997, â€Å"I used the term apocalyptic violence to depict not only the astounding carnage witnessed on that day, but also to describe the anti-government counter-culture to which Timothy McVeigh and his accomplices belonged. In this statement he is referring to the assault on the Branch Davidian complex in Waco, TX. It is believed by many that this is the act which pushed McVeigh to bomb the federal building in Oklahoma City. Hamm went on further to argue, â€Å"The fede ral government had created an apocalyptic subculture in the hinterlands of the USA. And that it had done so through its ruthless use-of-force at Waco.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is the belief of these groups, most specifically the white supremacy groups that the government is corrupt and run by inferior people, anyone not Anglo-Saxon white, and the country needs to be cleansed. The issue of hate groups has been plaguing this country for many decades but only in recent years have they begun to organize to the tune of committing massive acts of violence and terror.