Chinese Women Essays (2317 words) - Chinese Women, Gender Studies

Chinese Women China, situated in East Asia, is the third biggest nation by region and the biggest nation by populace on the planet. While China has one-fifth of the universes complete populace, and it additionally has perhaps the soonest human progress, going back to somewhere in the range of 5000 quite a while back. China is regularly recognized for its innovative advances and insight, be that as it may, in the mid twentieth century, Chinese society was a long way from great. The ladies in China, carried on with a moderate and troublesome life, limited by custom and acquiescence. Ladies needed to tie their feet during childbirth or face misfortune all through their whole lives. Footbinding was an excruciating process that permitted ladies to be thought of as lovely and a decent future spouse. In any case, their jobs in the public eye before long changed, with the attacking Communism. Ladies soon gotten a similar treatment and the regard Chinese men had due to Western thoughts and impact. Chinese ladies endured agony and anguish their whole lives. From the occasion a lady was conceived, she was viewed as nothing, she was unimportant.1 Sons were all that made a difference in light of the fact that the family name would live in them, while a little girl would be offered and take on the obligations for their parents in law. A lady earned little regard from her family. For instance, when a child brought into the world was conceived, the umbilical line was spared in a container. In any case, if a little girl was conceived, her umbilical rope was covered outside on the grounds that she left what's more, offered when coming to age and there was no compelling reason to spare the umbilical rope of a guest.2 They were for the most part uneducated and assumed out the job of a worker or slave. They did everything: they washed, weaved, and were required to serve our conjugal duties.3 In managing the difficulties that ladies confronted, one essential certainty becomes obvious a lady seldom had a free day without errands or issues. Unborn while inside the belly, a young lady really young looking the chance of being prematurely ended on the grounds that there was no time, or cash, to think about her.4 Each day she lived she had to finish such a large number of errands that she got wore out when the day was finished. Alongside essential necessities, for example, washing and eating a ladies served their families, prepared all the suppers, cleaned all by themselves, and afterward worked the sticky fields.5 It was almost unthinkable for ladies to leave the family and make something out of themselves since they had practically nothing training. They were required to leave when the young men were considering or requested to duplicate a few words out of a book, when the guide was free.6 Although they were given a few cash for staple goods and different supplies, ladies couldn't go through money uninhibitedly, without a keeps an eye on permission.7 furthermore, when their spouses brought home a mistress, a fancy woman or whore, there was no scene of enviously, unacceptance, or hostility. On the off chance that these sentiments were shown, the ladies were disgraced and this was a path for the male to demand for a divorce.8 Death, a period for discharge and freedom, was not such a time for ladies. There were two universes. The Shadow World was female, with a negative substance, and everything still and profound. The Light World was male, with a positive substance, with everything solid and high. Ladies despite everything suffered anguish while a man had only happiness.9 Constrained by custom and the family, a ladies went along to the standards of obedient devotion. They acknowledged that their lives and bodies were not their own, yet blessings from their parents.10 Women were not free or easygoing, however extremely shut and formal. Along these lines, ladies educated their folks where they were going, what they were doing, and required consent on significant life decisions.11 Simply, they were confined all around conceivable. In the event that ladies were oblivious that was their ethicalness; they were progressively faithful to their in-laws.12 In adolescence, the dad was in charge. They never entered the dads region except if asked and never left it without his assent. Young ladies talked when they were addressed, needed to foresee their dads wishes, and when chided, they expressed gratitude toward him for his corrections.13 Moreover, love was not a main factor, in marriage. The ladies were vowed to different families by their folks or aces, and couldn't object.14 The parents in law and spouse were in power after a ladies marry. Far off conduct and regard and love for the parents in law, were an absolute necessity. The relationship with the parents in law was increasingly significant than the one with the husband.15 Motherhood was the place the parents in law

Aztec Civilization Essay -- essays research papers

The Aztec Indians made an extraordinary human progress in Central Mexico, arriving at its top in the 1500’s. Being late appearances to the zone, and in light of their solid neighboring countries, they had to live in the marshy western territories of the Lake Texcoco. Due to the marshy environmental factors, the Aztecs utilized mud to make smaller than usual islands in the bogs. These islands are called chinampas, or “floating gardens,'; and were utilized as cultivating lands. On these rich islands they developed corn, squash, vegetables, and blossoms. Being an agronomically dependant domain, the Aztec’s religion depended exceptionally on the powers of nature and venerated them as divine beings. The divine force of war, Huitzilopochtli, was the most significant god. They had numerous other significant divine beings, for example, Tlaloc, the lord of downpour, Quetzalcoatl, the divine force of wind and of learning, and Tenochtitlan, the sun god. The Aztecs put stock so as to pacify these and numerous different divine beings that they expected to perform human penances. The fundamental reason for the incomparable Aztec pyramids was, actually, human penances. They likewise accepted that there were “lucky'; and “unlucky'; days for submersion and to announce war on, which were chosen by a minister. Most workmanship and design in the Aztec human progress depended on their religion. There are numerous brilliantly hued wall paintings and compositions on dividers and on bark which delineate strict services, alongside enormous icons of divine beings. One of the most astounding and well known of the...

When Depression and Anxiety Occur Together

When Depression and Anxiety Occur Together Panic Disorder Related Conditions Print When Depression and Anxiety Occur Together By Sheryl Ankrom linkedin Sheryl Ankrom is a clinical professional counselor and nationally certified clinical mental health counselor specializing in anxiety disorders. Learn about our editorial policy Sheryl Ankrom Updated on January 19, 2020 Depression Overview Types Symptoms Causes & Risk Factors Diagnosis Treatment Coping ADA & Your Rights Depression in Kids Gary John Norman / Getty Images It is possible to have both depression and anxiety at the same time. Many people with anxiety go through bouts of occasional depression. Depression and Anxiety Symptoms of depression and anxiety often co-occur in certain disorders. In fact, according to the National Institute of Mental Health,?? major depression often accompanies panic disorder and other anxiety disorders. While depression and anxiety have distinct clinical features, there is some overlap of symptoms. For example, in both depression and anxiety, irritability, decreased concentration and impaired sleep are common. It is not uncommon to experience occasional and brief periods of feeling down and anxious. These episodes are not usually a cause for concern, and once passed, you are able to resume life as usual. If you suffer from depression and anxiety and your symptoms are present for more than two weeks, frequently recur, or are interfering with how you live your life, it’s time to get help. Depression We’ve all felt “sad” or “blue” at one time or another. Rare bouts of depression?? that last only a few days are usually not a problem for most people. But, clinical depressionâ€"the type that people seek help forâ€"is a different story. The DSM 5??  uses the term “major depressive disorder” to classify and diagnose clinical depression. Major depressive episodes are the hallmark features of this type of depression. These episodes are characterized by extreme symptoms that interfere with daily functioning. Clinical depression, or a major depressive episode, can include any of the following symptoms??: feeling sad most of the timefeeling tired or having low energy most of the dayloss of interest in activities once enjoyedchanges in appetite, weight loss or weight gaintrouble concentratingdifficulty sleepingfeeling worthlessfeeling helpless or hopelessunexplained headaches, stomach problems or muscular/skeletal painthoughts of death or suicide Clinical Depression: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment Anxiety Anxiety is a normal human experience. In fact, it is considered a beneficial response in certain situations. For example, dangerous situations trigger anxiety in the form of a fight-or-flight stress response that is necessary for our survival. Or, sometimes anxiety gives us the necessary push we need to get things done. While it’s pretty clear that anxiety is normal and even beneficial, for some people it becomes a problem. And, when anxiety becomes a problem, the effects can be physical, emotional and behavioral. Your symptoms may lead to an anxiety disorder if they are??: severe or last a long timeout of proportion to the situation at handcausing extreme behaviors (i.e., avoidance) to reduce the anxiety It should also be noted that anxiety can be a central aspect of depression, causing an anxious or agitated depression. Tips for Coping and Living Well With Anxiety Treatment Symptoms of depression and anxiety are treatable. Studies?? show that medications and/or psychotherapy (talk therapy) are effective for most individuals. As the name implies, antidepressants are used for the treatment of depression. It is now clear that in addition to improving one’s mood, antidepressants also have an anti-anxiety effect. Antidepressants are believed to affect certain (chemical messengers) in the brain, resulting ?in a better mood and less anxiety. Today, antidepressants are the usual choice of medication intervention for major depressive disorders and anxiety disorders. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is one form of psychotherapy that has been shown to be successful in treating depression and anxiety disorders. CBT combines the fundamental concepts of behavioral therapy and cognitive therapy. The term “cognitive” refers to our thought process and reflects what we think, believe and perceive. Put together, CBT?? focuses on our behaviors and thoughts and how they are contributing to our current symptoms and difficulties. Find Relief in an Online Anxiety Support Group

Book Review for No Matter How Loud I Shout, by Edward...

Book Review Humes, E. (1996). No matter how loud I shout: A year in the life of juvenile court. New York, NY: Simon amp; Schuster Paperbacks. Edward Humes is a Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist, non-fiction, and true crime writer. Of his twelve books, five involve the criminal justice system. In this work, Humes takes on the sizeable task of examining the complicated juvenile justice system, chronicling the stories of several juvenile offenders and juvenile justice officials, and how they navigate the confusing and often arbitrary laws of the California juvenile justice system. Humes delivers an informative, eye-opening, and often dispiriting account of what goes on in the halls of America’s juvenile courts and correctional†¦show more content†¦This legal loophole is based on the theory that if he had not participated in the robbery, his partner wouldn’t have been shot. Because Geri is over sixteen, his transfer to adult court is certain, where he will face a harsh prison sentence. These cases are just two of many sad and unfair stories featured in this work. Other than the juveniles themselves, th e reader will also meet several juvenile court officials. Humes introduces his audience to a frustrated and burnt out juvenile court prosecutor, an intimidating, reform-minded judge who shows his distaste for transferring youths to adult court by simply refusing to do it, even when it is required by law, and a patient juvenile probation officer who manages to find small successes within a job that can sometimes seem futile at best. The overall sense that the reader gets from this book is that growing caseloads, inadequate facilities, and arbitrary â€Å"get-tough† laws are rendering the juvenile justice system in California and elsewhere in America ultimately ineffective. Redeemable kids are sent to adult prisons to â€Å"criminal college† to become more hardened and violent instead of being rehabilitated. Extremely violent kids are kept within the juvenile system to be released at twenty-five, based solely on whether they are over or under the age of sixteen. Abandoned or neglected kids are sent to languish within a broken foster care system, to be raised in group homes with deplorableShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesclaimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initia l caps or all caps. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Robbins, Stephen P. Organizational behavior / Stephen P. Robbins, Timothy A. Judge. — 15th ed. p. cm. Includes indexes. ISBN-13: 978-0-13-283487-2 ISBN-10: 0-13-283487-1 1. Organizational behavior. I. Judge, Tim. II. Title. HD58.7.R62 2012 658.3—dc23 2011038674

Understanding Basic Spanish Punctuation

Spanish punctuation is so much like Englishs that some textbooks and reference books dont even discuss it. But there are a few significant differences. Learn all the Spanish punctuation marks and their names. The marks whose uses are significantly different than those of English are explained below. Punctuation Used in Spanish . : punto, punto final (period), : coma (comma): : dos puntos (colon); : punto y coma (semicolon)— : raya (dash)- : guià ³n (hyphen) «  » : comillas (quotation marks) : comillas (quotation marks) : comillas simples (single quotation marks) ¿ ? : principio y fin de interrogacià ³n (question marks) ¡ ! : principio y fin de exclamacià ³n o admiracià ³n (exclamation points)( ) : parà ©ntesis (parenthesis)[ ] : corchetes, parà ©nteses cuadrados (brackets){ } : corchetes (braces, curly brackets)* : asterisco (asterisk)... : puntos suspensivos (ellipsis) Question Marks In Spanish, question marks are used at the beginning and the end of a question. If a sentence contains more than a question, the question marks frame the question when the question part comes at the end of the sentence. Si no te gusta la comida,  ¿por quà © la comes?If you dont like the food, why are you eating it? Only the last four words form the question, and thus the inverted question mark, comes near the middle of the sentence.  ¿Por quà © la comes si no te gusta la comida?Why are you eating the food if you dont like it? Since the question part of the sentence comes at the beginning, the entire sentence is surrounded by question marks. Katarina,  ¿quà © haces hoy?Katarina, what are you doing today? Exclamation Point Exclamation points are used in the same way as question marks are except to indicate exclamations instead of questions. Exclamation marks are also sometimes used for direct commands. If a sentence contains a question and an exclamation, it is okay to use one of the marks at the beginning of the sentence and the other at the end. Vi la pelà ­cula la noche pasada.  ¡Quà © susto!I saw the movie last night. What a fright! ¡Quà © là ¡stima, està ¡s bien?What a pity, are you all right? It is acceptable in Spanish to use up to three consecutive exclamation points to show emphasis.  ¡Ã‚ ¡Ã‚ ¡No lo creo!!! I dont believe it! Period In regular text, the period is used essentially the same as in English, coming at the end of sentences and most abbreviations. However, in Spanish numerals, a comma is often used instead of a period and vice versa. In U.S. and Mexican Spanish, however, the same pattern as English is often followed. Ganà ³ $16.416,87  el aà ±o pasado.She earned $16,416.87 last year. This punctuation would be used in Spain and most of Latin America. Ganà ³ $16,416.87  el aà ±o pasado.She earned  $16,416.87  last year. This punctuation would be used primarily in Mexico, the U.S., and Puerto Rico. Comma The comma usually is used the same as in English, being used to indicate a break in thought or to set off clauses or words. One difference is that in lists, there is no comma between the next-to-last item and the y, whereas in English some writers use a comma before the and. This use in English is sometimes called the serial comma or the Oxford comma. Comprà © una camisa, dos zapatos y tres libros.I bought a shirt, two shoes, and three books.Vine, vi y vencà ­.I came, I saw, I conquered. Dash The dash is used most frequently in Spanish to indicate a change in speakers during a dialogue, thus replacing quotation marks. In English, it is customary to separate each speakers remarks into a separate paragraph, but that typically isnt done in Spanish. —  ¿Cà ³mo està ¡s? — Muy bien  ¿y tà º? — Muy bien tambià ©n.How are you?Im fine. And you?Im fine too. Dashes can also be used to set off material from the rest of the text, much as they are in English. Si quieres una taza de cafà © — es muy cara — puedes comprarla aquà ­.If you want a cup of coffee — its very expensive — you can buy it here. Angled Quotation Marks The angled quotation marks and the English-style quotation marks are equivalent. The choice is primarily a matter of regional custom or the capabilities of the typesetting system. The angled quotation marks are more common in Spain than in Latin America, perhaps because they are used in some other Romance languages (such as French). The main difference between the English and Spanish uses of quotation marks is that sentence punctuation in Spanish goes outside the quote marks, while in American English the punctuation is on the inside. Quiero leer Romeo y Julieta. I want to read Romeo and Juliet. Quiero leer  «Romeo y Julieta ». I want to read Romeo and Juliet.

Surah Fatiha Free Essays

Surah Fatiha is the first surah of the quran. This surah is also called†The Mother of the Quran†. Surah Fatiha is considered as a summarized surah of the Quran. We will write a custom essay sample on Surah Fatiha or any similar topic only for you Order Now We recite Surah Fatiha 17times a day in our 5 time prayers.† When the Prophet Muhammad ? said to a companion that he would teach him the greatest chapter in the Quran, he recited Surah Al Fatihah† The Prophet Muhammad ? said that â€Å"Whoever does not recite Surah Al Fatihah in his prayer, his prayer is invalid†. This Surah is a condition for the effectiveness of the prayer. It is the Makki Surah of the Holy Quran, which means that it was revealed on the Prophet Muhammad(PBUH) while He was in Makkah. It was initially the 5th chapter to be disclosed but after Furqan e Hameed was assembled together, it was put at the beginning.Surah Al-Fatiha itself means â€Å"The Opening† as this chapter comes right at the start of the Holy Book. Moreover, it also serves as the starting of Salah. It also has the honor of being the very first Surah that is made known completely. Although it consists of 7 Ayats only, but it still explains the Veneration of the Almighty in a very comprehensive fashion and also is a great means of supplication of asking Allah for keeping one on the right path.Virtues of Surah FatihaThere are many virtues associated with this Surah. Hazrat Abu Saeed al-Khudri narrates: â€Å"While on a journey we halted at a place. A girl came to us and said: â€Å"The chief of this tribe has been stung by a scorpion and our men are not present, is there anybody amongst you who can recite something upon him to treat him?† Then, one of our men went along with her although we did not think that he knew any such treatment. However, our friend went to the chief and recited something upon him and the chief was cured. Thereupon, the chief gave him thirty sheep and gave us all milk to drink. When he returned, we asked our friend: â€Å"Did you know anything to recite upon him to cure him?† He said: â€Å"No, I only recited Umm al-Kitab (i.e. Surah al-Fatiha) upon him.† We said that do not do anything until we reach Madinah and ask the Prophet regarding this (practice and rewardwhether the sheep were lawful or not for us). Upon reaching Madinah, we narrated this to the Prophet (PBUH), whereupon he remarked: â€Å"How did he come to know that Al-Fatiha can be used as a cure? (PBUH) Distribute your reward amongst yourselves and a lot a share for me as well†.† (Sahih Bukhari)Theme of Surah FatihaThe essence of the Quran is Surah Fatiha. Surah fatiha is paired surah. It can be recited alone but you cannot start reciting other surah before Surah Fatiha, we must have to recite Surah Fatiha and then the other Surah of the Quran. Prophet Muhammad(PBUH) said† The greatest i can recite is Surah Fatiha. This surah has a mind boogling tafseer and its impact on human life is great. This is the only surah on which Allah Himself commented, there is no other surah than this on which Alllah commented. Surah Fatiha starts with the praise of Allah and ends with a dua that Allah guide us the path on which your mercy is bestowed not the opposite of this. Brief Tafseer of Surah Fatiha1)In the Name of Allah The first ayah of Surah Fatiha is: In the name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Most Merciful. (Al-Fatiha: This phrase is known as the bismillah. It is good to recite it before doing any action.Surah Fatiha is the surah which makes every muslim wheather he is Aalim(Scholar), or Jahil, man or woman to accept that they dont to how to live life.If you accept that you know nothing than Surah Fatiha is the guidance surah, which shows how to live a perfect life, which path to follow and who to obey. All Praise is due to Allah The second ayah is: All praise be to Allah, the Lord of all the worlds. (Al-Fatiha: 2) The Meaning of Hamd and the Difference between Hamd and Shukr Hamd means praise and also thankfulness. The scholars differed as to the relation between the words hamd and shukr. Some said that they both have the same meaning. So, the meaning of hamd, in their view, is the same as shukr (thankfulness, gratitude). Hamd is something which must be done with love and reverence, but shukr does not need this. Shukr is done in response to a favour which is done to a person but hamd is done simply because the one being praised and thanked is worthy of that. â€Å"Whatever is created in between land and sky is created for a mean but non-muslim dont understand and deny the existence of Allah. If we ponder in the universe we see the huge and perfectly creation of everything so we came to conclusion that who created perfect design of a universe must be a perfect creator and surely these people are the best who know their God. The word Rab which means master of the master in terms of having full knowledge of each and everything. The Beneficent, The Most Merciful The third ayah is: The Beneficent, The Most Merciful. (Al-Fatih: 3) We see that these two words are already mentioned above and now they are mentioned again. The previous ayah mentioned that Allah is the Rab of the mankind. So again in this ayah it says the Ar-rehman and Raheem which means Allah being the Rab of the Mankind is all part of mercy for us, Allah is one who loves humans 70times more than a mother’s love. Master of the Day of Reward The fourth ayah is: The Only Owner of the Day of Recompense. (Al-Fatiha: 4) Malik which means king, the dominion of a person. In this ayah we clearly see that Allah is the lord of the mankind. At the day of judgement when all mankind will be gathered and each person will be either rewarded or punished on their deeds. We see that Allah is the one who will have absolute power on the day of judgment and no other creation will hold such power to resist the enforcement of punishments that He decrees or to prevent anyone from receiving the rewards that He decides to confer. You (Alone) We Worship The fifth ayah is: You (alone) we worship and You (alone) we ask for help. (Al-Fatiha: 5) This is the middle of the surah and the shift of the surah. At this point there is a great shift in the surah. In previous 3 ayah we already praised Allah. Allah says this ayah is now between Me and my worshipper, I will give my worshipper whatever he/she asks for. â€Å"We worship† means we obey. Worship is obedience and self-abasement. It means to humble yourself before Allah (SWT) and to submit to His Will. Outwardly it is self-abasement, but in reality, it is glory and beautification. The ayah affirms the Lordship of Allah and affirms that worship is due to Him. â€Å"Iyyaaka nasta’een† means we seek help, support and success. Usually, in most sentences the verb comes first and then the object; but in this ayah the object of the verb is mentioned first and then the verb. So why is this? It is in order to attach importance to it, to Allah (SWT). It also refers the status of the slave and his worship which is lower so it will come after mentioning the Lord, Allah (SWT). Guide us on the Straight Path The sixth ayah is: Guide us on the Straight Path. (Al-Fatiha: 6) In previous ayah as Allah mentioned that whatever my worshipper will ask I will give him. So whats better than to ask Allah to guide us the straigth path, guide us the path which will benefit us in this world and in the hereafter. For example in normal life when we visit some new often we often need someone to guide us to the destination so we ask someone and he illustrates us the directions. But in this ayah we ask Allah to hold our hands and guide us the path like hold our hands and take us the right place we are looking for. The word seerat means road or a path. But whats the difference between seerat and tareeq or sabeel? Seerat is a road on which we go and get our goals, it is the shortest road with great space for everyone to join. The word Mustaqeem also means straight path, which emphasis the straightness of the path. It means to remain firm and stand without tilting. We should avoid to fall and follow the wrong path. The Path of Those†¦ The seventh and final ayah is: The path of those you have blessed, not of those with anger on them, nor of those who are astray. (Al-Fatiha: 7) As it is mentioned in the previous ayah that guide us the straight path, so there must be a choice of a path which we want Allah to guide us, which path is that? It is the path on which Allah has granted his blessed but not his anger. Whosoever obeys Allah, and the Messenger, they are with those whom Allah has favored, the Prophets, the sincere, the martyrs and the righteous, and these are the best company. (Al-Nisa’: 69)So, the favored and blessed people are the Prophets, the righteous, the martyrs and the pious. And who are the people with anger on them and those who are astray? This is explained by the Prophet. ‘Adi ibn Hatim (RA) asked him about those with anger on them and he replied that it refers to the Jews. He then asked him about those who are astray and he replied that it refers to the Christians. This is reported by al-Tirmidhi and is authentic How to cite Surah Fatiha, Papers

Relative Sections and Legislations †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Relative Sections and Legislations. Answer: Introduction: The current study is based on the determination of the taxable income of Jordan and Cameron. The study will take into the considerations the amount of tax payable by Jordan and Cameron from their respective transactions. The study will additionally lay down the assumptions for considering and omitting the expenditure at the time of computing the tax liability. Computation of Taxable Income of Jordan Particulars Amount ($) Amount ($) Assessable Income Gross Salary 180000 Add: PayG 58000 238000 Australian Sourced Rental Income (Jordan Share) Rental Income from Holiday House (Jordan Share) 2000 Investment property Rental Income (Jordan Share) 11000 Australian Sourced Interest Income Bank Account (Jordan Share) 1000 Superannuation Jordan 80000 Total Assessable Income 332000 Allowable Deductions Interest paid on mortgage home 12000 Interest paid on investment property 23333 Interest paid on holiday house 13333 Work Related Expenditure 2200 Expenses on holiday homes 6250 Tax Agent Fees 900 Expenses on investment property 7500 Total Allowable Deductions 65517 Total Taxable Income 266483 Tax on Taxable Income 93149 Add: Medicare Levy 5330 Less: PayG 58000 Add: Taxable Value of Fringe Benefit Car 4000 Less: Rebate on Private Medicare Insurance 714.44 (4000*17.861%) Less: 15% Tax Offset on Superannuation Benefit 12000 (80000*15%) Total Tax Payable 31764 Computation of Taxable Income of Cameron Computation of Taxable Income of Cameron Particulars Amount ($) Amount ($) Assessable Income Gross Salary 120000 Add: PayG 35000 155000 Australian Sourced Rental Income Rental Income from Holiday House (Cameron Share) 2000 Investment property Rental Income (Cameron Share) 11000 Australian Sourced Interest Income Bank Account (Cameron Share) 1000 Australian Source Dividend Income Fully Franked Dividends 14000 Gross Up Franking Credits 6000 Superannuation Cameron 60000 Total Assessable Income 229000 Allowable Deductions Bank Loan on Share Portfolio 3500 Work Related Expenditure 1000 Donations 500 Tax Agent Fees 700 Total Allowable Deductions 5700 Total Taxable Income 223300 Tax on Taxable Income 73717 Add: Medicare Levy 4466 Less: PayG 35000 (4000*17.861%) Less: 15% Tax Offset on Superannuation Benefit 9000 (80000*15%) Total Tax Payable 34183 In computing the taxable income of Jordan and Cameron the amount that has been received by them for Superannuation will be initially included in their respective taxable income. However, Jordan and Cameron are entitled to a 15% of the tax offset on the taxable component of the super income stream payment received by them. According to the Australian taxation office travelling to and from home is regarded as the private expenditure and an individual taxpayer are not allowed to claim allowable deductions. As held in the case of Lunney v FC of T (1958) an expenditure should possess the essential character of outgoing incurred in producing the assessable income (Coleman and Sadiq 2013). In the present context a deduction will be denied in respect of subsection 51 (1) traveling from and to home incurred by Cameron and Jordan are not allowed for deductions since they represent the nature of private expenditure. As held in the taxation ruling of TD 92/154 a deduction is not generally allowable for child care expenditure even though it is prerequisite for an employee to derive and make payment so that one can go and earn income. As held in the case of Lodge v. FC of T (1972) an individual is not allowed to claim deductions on child care expenses since it is neither relevant or incidental in gaining assessable income (Kenny 2013). The expenditure incurred on child care will not be allowed as allowable deductions for both Cameron and Jordan since no form of private expenditure is allowed for deductions. The personal living cost of $18000 are disallowed from being considered as the allowable deductions for both Cameron and Jordan. Expenses related to holiday home of $15,000 has been only deducted up the extent the holiday home was rented out. The holiday home was rented out for a period of 5 months and a deduction for five months have been claimed which stands $13333. Expenses on investment property is also rented out for only 10 months and as result of this the expenditure incurred has been apportioned for a period of 10 months only with an approximate value of $23333. The capital loss bought forward by Cameron of $7,000 cannot be allowed for offset since Cameron did not reported any Capital gains. Hence, such losses can be offset only against capital gains. According to the Australian Taxation Office credit card, expenditure can be claimed as allowable deductions only for paying the business tax liability (Krever 2013). In the present context, the credit card expenditure will not be allowed as allowable deductions since the expenditure was not used for business purpose and deductions are not allowed for this purpose. The above stated discussion effectively lay down that the net amount of tax payable by both Jordan and Cameron respectively. Additionally, relative sections and legislations have been considered in arriving at net tax payable by them. The present issue is concerned with the determination of the tax assessment of the assessable income of the minors under the age of 18 that are not engaged in the full time employment. The income tax ruling of IT 2489 is applicable to the unmarried children that are under the age of 18 and are engaged in the full time employment are liable to pay tax for their income. Division 6AA of the part III of the ITAA 1997 defines that an individual at the age of 18 years might be taxed at the rate higher than the adult (Morgan, Mortimer and Pinto 2013). As evident from the current case study it can be defined that Jordan employed his younger daughter Cate to carry out the administrative work for him as the personal assistant. As defined under the Division 6AA all the types of assessable income are eligible for tax unless the income of the minor falls inside the purview of the excepted assessable income under the subsection 102AE (2) (Woellner 2013). Additionally, the extent to which the minor had effective conduct and control and effectively participated in the functions of the taxpayers business or employment. As understood from the current context the receipt of employment income in the hands of Cate would ultimately help in reducing the tax liability of Jordan but may attract a liability to tax for Cate (Woellner et al. 2014). It is assumed that Cate is under the age of 18 and under the division 6AA Cate will be liable for tax for the amount of income received from her part time employment. Computation of Tax Liability for Cate Particulars Amount ($) Amount ($) Assessable Income 20800 Tax on Taxable Income 494 Low Income Tax Offset 445 Total Tax Payable 49 Conclusion: The above stated discussion can be concluded by stating that the income received from the part time employment will be regarded as taxable income for Cate which will attract tax liability. Reference List: Coleman, C. and Sadiq, K. (n.d.).2013 Principles of taxation law. Kenny, P. (2013).Australian tax 2013. Chatswood, N.S.W.: LexisNexis Butterworths. Krever, R. (2013).Australian taxation law cases 2013. Pyrmont, N.S.W.: Thomson Reuters. Morgan, A., Mortimer, C. and Pinto, D. 2013.A practical introduction to Australian taxation law. North Ryde [N.S.W.]: CCH Australia. Woellner, R. (2013).Australian taxation law 2012. North Ryde [N.S.W.]: CCH Australia. Woellner, R., Barkoczy, S., Murphy, S., Evans, C. and Pinto, D. 2014 Australian taxation law.

Taboo Religion vs. Government free essay sample

Church, religion, belief, government? Whenever somebody mentions religion and the government in the same sentence, it seems to be very controversial. The word religion seems to frighten most of society these days, whereas the government and/or politics are discussed frequently. There is a thin line between religion and government. What is religion exactly? How do we as a society view religion differently than we have in the past? The relationship between government and religion is quite controversial. What are politics have to do with religion? If we as a country have the right to freedom of speech and/or beliefs, why are we keeping them hidden? Has the government taken total control without us noticing? The meaning of Spirituality is an inner path enabling a person to discover the essence of his/her being. Spiritual practices, including meditation, prayer and contemplation, are intended to develop an individuals inner life. We will write a custom essay sample on Taboo: Religion vs. Government or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Whereas religion is an organized collection of beliefs and world views. Many religions have symbols and sacred histories that explain the meaning of life, origin of life and the Universe. The easiest way to define religion is to refer to it as a belief in, or the worship of a god or gods. Religion has been a significant part our society and culture since the beginning of human civilization. The origins of religious beliefs in our ancestors are uncertain, yet the great world religions started as the movements of enlightenment and revitalization for communities seeking more answers to their problems. A lack of written records results in the fact that most of the knowledge about pre-historic religion is from the archaeological records and other indirect sources. Religious belief is the belief in the reality of the mythological, supernatural, or spiritual parts of a religion. Religious belief is distinct from religious practice with some believers not practicing religion and some practitioners not believing religion. Religious beliefs often relate to the existence, characteristics and worship of a deity or deities, divine intervention in the universe and human life, or the deontological explanations for the values and practices centered on the teachings of a spiritual leader or group. To say that there is a â€Å"relationship† between government and religion is touchy. Politics are different from religion, but with our country, have a similar bond. Politics is from Greek: politikos, meaning of, for, or relating to citizens. It is also the practice and theory of influencing other people on a civic or individual level. Basically, it refers to achieving and exercising positions of organized control over a human community, which is particularly a state. The separation of church and state can signify how religion has become it’s own category. It is also the distance in the relationship between organized religion and the nation state. The phrase separation of church and state itself does not appear in the United States Constitution. The First Amendment states that Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof. However, the first amendment seems to be twisted and manipulated quite often. Government says we have the freedom of speech, religion, beliefs, etc. Based upon biased opinions, religious discrimination takes place. The First Amendment â€Å"prohibits the making of any law respecting an establishment of religion, impeding the free exercise of religion, abridging the freedom of speech, infringing on the freedom of the press, interfering with the right to peaceably assemble or prohibiting the petitioning for a governmental redress of grievances. † This same amendment was made, on December 15, 1791, as one of the ten amendments that comprise the Bill of Rights. Religious freedom in the United States is a right. Freedom of religion or Freedom of belief is a principle that supports the freedom of an individual or community, in public or private, to organized religion or belief in teaching, practice, and worship. The idea is generally known to include the freedom to change religion or to not follow any religion. The separation does not limit all elements of religion. For example, the countrys currency has the motto In God We Trust. When Congress begins its session, they begin it with a prayer. As well as the Pledge of Allegiance, which contains the phrase, one nation, under God. Court rulings have upheld these religious references, officially viewing them as non-substantive ceremonial deism. This basically is just a legal term used for religious statements that are by tradition and have no religious context. Recent lawsuits have unsuccessfully tried to challenge this term and/or view. There have been some expressions of religion on public property, including certain displays of the Ten Commandments in courtrooms or Nativity scenes on public land have been ruled to be unconstitutional. For instance, a religious group cannot perform human sacrifice under the veil of separation of church and state because the government views it as murder and murder is illegal. Have we been suppressed to hiding our faith and/or beliefs? Most people in today’s society do not want to be viewed as stupid in the age of technology, or they want to hide their beliefs in front of someone who is trying to sway their beliefs a different way. Its easier to just smile and nod. Of course persecution is a huge reason to hide beliefs as well in specific countries. The government has different views on subjects ass religion. Most of these subjects are biased or personal opinions and do not accommodate the â€Å"fine line† between them. So why is religion considered taboo? Why does the government become so contradicting when speaking about specific religious aspects of society. Clearly there is religion behind everything we have known.

A Comparison between Two Novels Essays

A Comparison between Two Novels Essays A Comparison between Two Novels Essay A Comparison between Two Novels Essay Essay Topic: The Metamorphosis Again, in the 9th paragraph in Chapter 1, when Muralist went to his mothers burial, he didnt go to see his mother nor felt a little grieved, instead, he paid attention to an Arab nurse in a white smock, with a brightly colored scarf on her head, how ridiculous! He was indeed alienated to society and other characters, having nothing to do with the surroundings and living on the outskirts of life. While The Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka reveals a fantastic premise, and the protagonist, Gregory transforming 1/6 into a bug. Kafka uses the transformation to show Gregory grappling with his identity. His reaction to the transformation is unique, as he absurdly considers: What if I went back to sleep for another while and forgot all this foolishness? 3 Likewise, he struggles to get comfortable and bizarrely thinks, What a strenuous profession have chosen! revealing that his work holds more importance than predicament. Upon hearing his mothers voice he is concerned about communication. After hearing his family call him he tries to get up but his bug-like form suppresses his reaction forcing him to contemplate on the things that lie ahead: calmest possible reflection is far preferable to desperate decisions. 4 At the realization of the metamorphosis, Gorges family starts to avoid him and treat him as if he were insignificant. Finally his father rejects him by hurling an apple at him. Gregory is neglected by his sister and rejected by his family. Upon Gorges demise his family celebrated the loss of an insignificant being Basic Values Existentialism Existentialists reject belief in t he re-existing essence of humanity, which is said to motivate our building of qualities, attitudes and expectations within which live. For existentialists, human nature does not exist, and constraints conformity are illusory. It follows that all people are free to make choices. Existentialists see individuals as unique and at the centre of their own world, with total responsibility for their actions and with no need to justify their actions. 5 The first time read the novel we may well regard him as a reject due to his alienation to society. But just as the author put in his AFTERWARD in 955, that In this sense, he is an outsider to the society in which he lives And for that reason, some readers have been tempted to regard him as a reject. But to get a more accurate picture Of his character, or rather one which conforms more closely to his authors intentions, you will find the profound symbol and significance of such an anti-hero. At least for Campus, Muralist is not a reject, but a poor and naked man, in love with a sun which leaves no shadows. Numerous?s main value is that he does not lie and thus refuses to play the game. We see a lot of that coming through at the end of The Stranger, especially in those last few lines. Muralist declares that all he has left now is to wish for a crowd of spectators but he doesnt. One explanation for this is that the point isnt for Muralist to feel less alone its that he can choose whether or not to be less alone. That he is able to choose, that he is aware of this ability, and that this is what defines his revelation. 6. L opened myself to the gentle indifference of the world; finding it so much like myself Campus presentation of the character makes one question the essence of passion in life as he shows: life is 5 3 4 Kafka, 11 Kafka, 14 Dry Sony. Lecture Three : The Stranger Dry Sony. Lecture Three : The Stranger, Philosophical Literature 6 2/6 becoming a tedious task that is void Of purpose. Existentialism and the survival of an existential hero are peculiar as all the hero would do is live for the sake of living. 7 In comparison, Kavas The Metamorphosis equally philosophical to The Stranger it strongly emphasizes on existentialism. The protagonist Gregory Jams is a sales man who strongly dislikes his job. He strongly desires to remove all the social burdens that afflict him. His desire illustrated by transformation into a monstrous vermin. Misinformation represents a way to escape from his human burdens, but that transformation also dehumidifies him and takes all the meaning and control of his life away. In this way he experiences the existentialism that goes along with him throughout the story until the time of his death. Gregory now hardly ate anything anymore. Only when he accidentally Passed the food laid out for him wo uld he take a bite into his mouth just for fun, hold it in for hours, and then mostly spit it out again8 He becomes totally uninvolved to the point of having totally no interaction with anyone inside or outside of the family. Gregory is totally abandoned by his family, does not eat and eventually dies. Gregory Jams allowed himself to die upon realizing that he was free from society burdens. In conclusion, The Metamorphosis highlights that one must interact with society in order to have a meaning In life, while portraying hopelessness in a life controlled by the standards of society. In the same manner.

Quantitative and Qualitaitve Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Quantitative and Qualitaitve Analysis - Essay Example hieved through the study and analysis of the structure of the dataset, trends and hypothesis testing in regard to the average or mean of different countries. The paper is going to apply both descriptive and inferential statistics in order to achieve its primary objective which is comparison of CCI between various countries and regions in Europe. The data on Consumer Confidence Indicator (CCI) was collected using survey questionnaires. These questionnaires are made up of combination of questions regarding any possible indicators consumption. Twelve questions were included in the questionnaire but one of the questions was excluded since there was no coordination across the selected nations. Questionnaires were distributed randomly to respondents in the selected regions. A household was allowed to fill only one questionnaire since the intentions of a household whether to save or spend is a potential variable that reflects its budget limit. Thus, this forms a household consumption indicator that is computed recorded and used in computations of the national or regional consumer index (Merkle, Langer & Sussman, 2004). The dataset has six distinct variables. Five of the variables are the consumer confidence indicators of different European nations and regions whereas one variable is coded 0 and 1 for the purposes of comparison of CCI between two variables; Cyprus and Greece. This variable is based on a group of European nations that take part in global economics. It is abbreviated as EU.CONS in the dataset. Just like other variables, this variable has 131 observations, measured and recorded on a ratio scale. This variable is based on a European monetary union comprising of 19 nations that are using euro (â‚ ¬) as a common currency. It is abbreviated as EA.CONS in the dataset and has a total of 131 observations measured and recorded on a ratio scale. CY.EL.compare is the sixth variable that compares CCI of Cyprus and Greece. It is assigned values 1 if CCI of Cyprus is

MANAGEMENT RESEARCH PROJECT Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

MANAGEMENT PROJECT - Research Paper Example The appraisal is conducted as part of the performance management process of the organization because how it is handled is what determines whether the organization is able to achieve its goals or not. It can further be said that a performance appraisal is an assessment and discussion of how an employee has performed in his or her work and this assessment is based purely on performance and not on the characteristics that are displayed by the individual employee. This process helps in the measurement of the skills that have been displayed and the things, which an employee has accomplished with as much accuracy and uniformity as possible. The understanding that is developed by the employee’s supervisor enables management to determine the abilities of individual employees and this ensures that they are placed in positions within Cathay Pacific which will further its growth and achievement of its goals. Furthermore, it is designed to help the company determine the areas whose performance needs to be enhanced as well as ensuring that the employees are provided with the opportunities that are necessary for the promotion of their professional growth. This process is done in methodical ways that gives the supervisors the opportunity to measure the payments that are made to their employees in comparison to the aims and objectives of Cathay Pacific. In addition, performance appraisal gives the supervisors the opportunity to make an analysis of the factors that determine how the employees perform over a certain period. A system helps the management of Cathay Pacific to be in a position where it is able to provide guida nce to its employees towards a path that will lead to their performing better in their jobs. In addition, while performance appraisal can be considered as an immensely important tool by supervisors to gain an understanding of the people who work under them, it is not necessarily the

Comparative Analysis on Kikuyu

Comparative Analysis on Kikuyu Comparative Analysis on Kikuyu within the SPE and Post-SPE Framework Term Paper for Foundations of Phonology Course Introduction This paper aims at observing the data set of Kikuyu language. Two frameworks are compared, i.e. the Sound Pattern of English (henceforth; SPE), and Post SPE (Autosegmental Phonology). Within the discussion, approaches form other theories will also be highlighted; however, the main point addressed in this paper is to evaluate the data set of Kikuyu on the basis of phonological theories within the two frameworks involved. Based on SPE theory, the lexical entries should consist of sufficient information for the phonological rules in order to identify its phonetic forms for each context. In other words, each lexical entry is entered as a set of phonological distinctive features. Furthermore, the underlying representation (UR) is considered as an abstract representation in comparison to a surface representation (SR). Along the paper, we will discuss both frameworks together with feature notations and then we will analyze the data set segmentally to obtain the rules governing the language of Kikuyu. In the next section, we will attempt to analyze the variability of the coordinated articulary apparatus with the spirit of the Post-SPE framework driven by a number of questions in the optimization of the data set analysis of with respect to the framework inquestion. During the analysis, we will not consider some basic requirements such as No Crossing Constraint and Linking Constraint in order to be consistent with the well-formedness condition of Post-SPE framework. Furthermore, we will also approach the so-called geometry of phonetic representations accompanied by sufficient examples to figure out any possible solution. One of the central issues addressed within this paper is the analysis on the shifting of nasal + consonant with respect to the given data set. We will try to compare two theories in question and observe how those theories could account for the changes in the data set. At a later stage, we will see which theory casts better analysis of the given data than the other does. Some literatures will be considered especially those from the textbook of Phonological Theory: The Essential Readings by Goldsmith, J. such as The Sound Pattern of English by Chomsky, N. and Halle, M., among others, as well as relevant sources which might give us more information about the language of Kikuyu. Now, let us go through the analysis from the first framework, i.e. the SPE framework. The SPE Framework The SPE framework is believed to be the basis of Generative Phonology since theories within this framework were influenced by the views from generative linguistics. Chomsky and Halle (in Goldsmith, 1999 : 17-19) states that a speakers knowledge of his language consists of knowing the lexical items of the language and each lexical entry must contain specified features, which determine the phonetic form of the item in all contexts, i.e. the items phonological features. Furthermore, such phonological features are classificatory devices, they are binary, as are all other classificatory features in the lexicon, for the natural way of indicating whether or not an item belongs to a particular category is by means of binary features. There will be two levels of representations that will be discussed in the SPE framework; underlying representation (i.e. lexical or morphophonemic sequence) and the surface form (i.e. phonetic output form). Given the authors aim at maximizing the simplicity of the grammar, it follows that underlying representations should be as abstract as possible and avoid redundant, or non-distinctive, features. Minimized underlying representations are indeed a requirement to ensure the generality of the overall linguistic system. Within this framework, we will analyze the data set on the language of Kikuyu in the spirit of morphological analysis, overview on any possible alternation within the dataset, as well as identifying the underlying representation (UR) from the given data set. Following this analysis, we will try to observe possible rules with feature notation of the given data in order to get a generalized rule ordering within the data set. For this analysis, we also refer to the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) chart, especially for the consonants chart and their features. Let us try to analyze the data set from the morphological analysis with the given data set below. The data set of Kikuyu is given below in table 1: Imperative---1 sg.Imperfect--English Meaning ßura------mbureet?--------'lop off' ßaara-----mbaareet?-------'look at' t?ma------nd?meet?--------'cut' toma------ndomeet?--------'send' reha------ndeheet?--------'pay' ru?a------ndu?eet?--------'cook' cina------ineet?--------'burn' koma------?gomeet?--------'sleep' kera------?gereet?--------'cross' ?ora------?goreet?--------'buy' ?aja------?gajeet?--------'divide' From table 1, we can see that there are two forms to observe, the one being Imperative and the other being the 1-sg-Imperfect from data set of Kikuyu language, which is followed by its meaning in English. The table shows that for each given word, several letters remain unchanged, which is typed in Bold inside the word. Most of them seem to have a Vowel and Consonant order (VC) and a long vowel one (i.e. VVC) such as in ßaara. Furthermore, we can also see in the Imperative column in which all words are always ended with a, marked after a slash sign (-). Subsequently, the words in the first singular Imperfect column are always ended with an eet?, which is also separated by a slash (-). A complete data set analysis is given in table 2 below. Table 2 Imperative-------------1 sg. Imperfect------------English Translation ßur - a--------------------mbur - eet?----------------------'lop off' ßaar- a--------------------mbaar- eet?----------------------'look at' t?m - a--------------------nd?m - eet?----------------------'cut' tom - a--------------------ndom - eet?----------------------'send' reh - a--------------------ndeh - eet?----------------------'pay' ru? - a--------------------ndu? - eet?----------------------'cook' cin - a--------------------in - eet?----------------------'burn' kom - a--------------------?gom - eet?----------------------'sleep' ker - a--------------------?ger - eet?----------------------'cross' ?or - a--------------------?gor - eet?----------------------'buy' ?aj - a--------------------?gaj - eet?----------------------'divide' From table 2, we can see that the unchanged letters, which are Bold typed above, are the stems or could be part of the stems of the word in underlying representation. Furthermore, we can also see suffixes, which indicate the Imperativeness or the given words that are signaled as the final letter a at the final position of the word. From the regularity of the final letters eet?, we can say that the given words must be classified as suffixes indicating the 1 sg. Imperfect form of Kikuyu language. We will discuss the underlying forms of the morphemes regularity in a separate discussion in a later part. Now let us see the structure of the nasal sound which occurs before the stems. It is conceivable that an alternation is defined as a morpheme, which has two different sound shapes, which can be analyzed by a phonological process. From the data set of Kikuyu, the some alternations can be observed as indicated in the following table (see table 3). The alternations can be identified easily in that ß becomes b; t /r becomes d; c becomes ?; k / ? becomes g. Those alternations can be viewed as the alternations in the language of Kikuyu whose phonological process will be explored in rules. Table 3 Imperative------------1 sg. Imperfect In a.b.ß-------------------------mb In c.d.t-------------------------nd In e.f.r-------------------------nd In g.c--------------------------- In h. i. k-----------------------?g In j. k. ?-----------------------?g Furthermore, we can also see that a nasal consonant is inserted before the changed consonant, e.g. m; n; ? and ?, which suggests that the morphological process goes along with the phonological process. Such insertion shows us important points for the data set in the language of Kikuyu. We will discuss such phenomenon in greater concern in later part. However, there is one thing to say about this phenomenon in the insertion of nasal consonant in the 1 sg. Imperfect groups could be analyzed as certain prefixes embedded which might express the tense of a verb. Whenever the alternation is constructed in an opposite way, i.e. b becomes ß in data set, this lead to an ill formed construction. Such a case is also falsifiable from data h. and j. in which ?g would become k and ? respectively following the case. Therefore, we will consider the sequence of alternation as from Imperative to 1 sg. Imperfect. The reanalysis of the stems of both forms is illustrated in table 4 below. Both prefixe s (nasals) and suffixes ( a and eet?) are discarded in table 4 so that we can get the stem of each verb. Table 4. Imperative--------------1 sg. Imperfect--------------English Meaning ßur---------------------bur-------------------------------'lop off' ßaar--------------------baar------------------------------'look at' t?m---------------------d?m-------------------------------'cut' tom---------------------dom-------------------------------'send' reh---------------------deh-------------------------------'pay' ruc---------------------du?-------------------------------'cook' cin---------------------?in-------------------------------'burn' kom---------------------gom-------------------------------'sleep' ker---------------------ger-------------------------------'cross' ?or---------------------gor-------------------------------'buy' ?aj---------------------gaj-------------------------------'divide' What we have observed so far indicates that phonological components are obtained by mapping from the underlying representation (UR) to the surface (phonetic) representation (SR). This mapping phenomenon can be observed by rewrite rules which will be discussed in a separate part. In other words, the data set of Kikuyu we have so far could be considered as the Surface Representation. In the following paragraphs, we attempt to identify the underlying representation of the Kikuyu language. As noted above, we have seen that the unchanged letters in table 2 could be analyzed as the stems or part of the stems of the words in the underlying representation. On the basis of minimization of the underlying representation we will attempt to rule in the consonant before the unchanged letters because it seems to be implausible to predict the consonants such as ß, t, r, c, k, ? by rule. Furthermore, we have also observed that the consonant ß can shift to b not the vice versa. Referring to the SPE theory, minimizing the underlying representation means that anything, which can be predicted by a rule, should be eliminated from the underlying representation. For instance, the shifting from ß to b can be viewed in table 4 which is exemplified by the shifting is from ßur to bur. Such process also applies to all other words in the data set. By definition, we could get something like /ßur/ to be the actual stem for underlying representation of the word, which means lop off in Kikuyu. The stems in underlying representation in the data set are presented in table 5 below and the Underlying Representations for the Imperative and 1 sg. Imperfect are represented in table 6. Table 5 UR Stem English Meaning /ßur/ 'lop off' /ßaar/ 'look at' /t?m/ 'cut' /tom/ 'send' /reh/ 'pay' /ru?/ 'cook' /cin/ 'burn' /kom/ 'sleep' /ker/ 'cross' /?or/ 'buy' /?aj/ 'divide' Table 6 Imperative UR 1 sg. Imperfect UR English Meaning /ßur - a/ /Nas - bur -eet 'lop off' /ßaar - a/ /Nas - baar-eet 'look at' /t?m - a/ /Nas - d?m -eet 'cut' /tom - a/ /Nas - dom -eet 'send' /reh - a/ /Nas - deh -eet 'pay' /ru? - a/ /Nas - du? -eet 'cook' /cin - a/ /Nas - ?in -eet 'burn' /kom - a/ /Nas - gom -eet 'sleep' /ker - a/ /Nas - ger -eet 'cross' /?or - a/ /Nas - gor -eet 'buy' /?aj - a/ /Nas - gaj -eet 'divide' In the framework of SPE, we have been familiar with the terms such as abbreviatory conventions, conciseness, Minimize UR, Rule format and Evaluation measures, etc. They will be considered here under IPA consonant chart and feature table where relevant information is given in table 7 below: Table 7 (Imp = Imperative) (1sg = 1 sg. Imperfect) Group A (data a. b.) ß - bilabial fricative (Imp) b - bilabial plosive (1sg) m - bilabial nasal (1sg) Group B (data c. d. e. f.) t - alveolar plosive (Imp) r - alveolar fricative (Imp) d - alveolar plosive (1sg) n - alveolar nasal (1sg) Group C (data g.) c - palatal plosive (Imp) ? - palatal plosive (1sg) ? - palatal nasal (1sg) Group D (data h. i. j. k.) k - velar plosive (Imp) ? - velar fricative (Imp) g - velar plosive (1sg) ? - velar nasal (1sg) From the distribution in table 7, we can draw some important information in the surface level. In Imperative classification (Imp), we can observe that the fricatives are plosives whereas in (1sg) group, we only observe the plosives ones. This observation is helpful for arriving at the deduction that under certain environment, fricatives/plosives are interpreted as (à  ) plosives. Furthermore, within each group, we can identify that the same place of articulation is shared, i.e., bilabial / alveolar / palatal / velar. This observation will contribute to identify the relation between the changed consonants and the added nasal sound types. In the mean time, within each 1sg group, we can also observe that the nasal sound always precedes the plosive sound. This observation is useful for understanding whether the prefix [Nasal] functions are in a linear order. By applying the minimized major feature for these consonants, we can generate some crucial feature notations as noted below. 1. Fricatives [-son, +cont] 2. Plosives [-son, -cont] 3. Nasals [+son, -cont] Therefore, now we can observe the assimilation of the feature [cont] in the course of transferring from fricatives to plosives and probably the dissimilation of the feature [son] between nasals and plosives. In order to satisfy the conditions of Minimize UR and the Evaluation measure, we could observe each sound in detail and add the feature [voice] where we can see that all plosives and nasals are [+voiced] as illustrated in table 8 below. Table 8 Features - consonant Features-place of articulation Group A (data a. b.) ß - [-son] [+cont] [+voiced] (Imp) [+ant] [-cor] b - [-son] [-cont] [+voiced] (1sg) [+ant] [-cor] m - [+son] [-cont] [+voiced] (1sg) [+ant] [-cor] Group B (data c. d. e. f.) t - [-son] [-cont] [-voiced] (Imp) [+ant] [+cor] r - [+son] [+cont] [+voiced] (Imp) [+ant] [+cor] d - [-son] [-cont] [+voiced] (1sg) [+ant] [+cor] n - [+son] [-cont] [+voiced] (1sg) [+ant] [+cor] Group C (data g.) c - [-son] [-cont] [-voiced] (Imp) [-ant] [+cor] ? - [-son] [-cont] [+voiced] (1sg) [-ant] [+cor] ? - [+son] [-cont] [+voiced] (1sg) [-ant] [+cor] Group D (data h. i. j. k.) k - [-son] [-cont] [-voiced] (Imp) [-ant] [-cor] ? - [-son] [+cont] [+voiced] (Imp) [-ant] [-cor] g - [-son] [-cont] [+voiced] (1sg) [-ant] [-cor] ? - [+son] [-cont] [+voiced] (1sg) [-ant] [-cor] From the features distribution above, we can observe several important generalizations. First, as we can see in the left column, consonants could adjust themselves to the nasal during the shifting to plosive by preserving [-cont] and [+voiced]. Then, the consonant r in Group B is the only consonant in Imp which has feature [+son], therefore, we have to shift it to become [-son] as well in the course of shifting to plosive. However, this is definitely not a kind of adjustment to the nasal since it is conceivable that all nasals are found to be [+son]. Second, in the right column, we can observe that the insertions of prefixing nasals adjust themselves to the consonants and become bilabial / alveolar / palatal / velar nasal respectively in place of articulation. Furthermore, we attempt to figure out the adjustments above as assimilation, as well as the dis-adjustment of r as dissimilation. In sum, we can obtain two important rules in the language in question. Rule A: [-cont] [+cons] à   [+voice]/[+nas] ______ [-son] Such rule entails the adjustment of the consonants to the nasals. Under this rule, ß becomes b; t and r becomes d; c becomes ?; k and ? becomes g due to the prefixing nasal. Then, all fricatives become plosives as given the following rule. Rule B: [+nas] à   [aPlace]/______[aPlace] In rule B, the same place of articulation is construed by the notation [aPlace] represents here. This rule signals the adjustment of the nasals to the consonants. By using this rule, nasal will become m whenever aPlace is bilabial; n whenever aPlace is alveolar; ? whenever aPlace is palatal and ? whenever aPlace is velar. The origin nasal in prefixing cannot be observed from the given data set. For instance, if it is [+nas, +cor] then it should be a consonant n. Along the previous part, we have observed some ordering rules in the language of Kikuyu. Further in this part, we will try to figure out the ordering of the two rules we have mentioned in advance. Based on the SPE framework, we have seen that all morphological rules apply before all phonological rules. Although Kiparsky and many others believe the other way against this framework, we try to see whether this rule is indeed workable within the spirit of SPE framework. Here, the morphological rules are viewed as infix insertion, i.e. prefix /Nas/; suffix /-a/ and /eet?/ in the given data set which will apply in the first place and the phonological rules given in Rule A and Rule B above will apply in the second place. Now the question turns to which phonological rule applies in first order, being Rule A or Rule B. Suppose we take examples in data d and e from the given data set. First, let us look at data d. it seems that we will not find any difference in data d with respect to the ordering of two rules and hence the result looks like the same. Then, try to compare with data e. Let see what happens. Table 9 Data d = from [toma] to [ndomeet?] If Rule A precedes Rule B Morphological Rule /Nas/ + /tom/ + /eet?/ =UR Rule A /Nas/ + /dom/ + /eet?/ Rule B /n/ + /dom/ + /eet?/ =SR If Rule B precedes Rule A Morphological Rule /Nas/ + /tom/ + /eet?/ =UR Rule B /n/ + /tom/ + /eet?/ Rule A /n/ + /dom/ + /eet?/ =SR Data e. from [reha] to [ndeheet?] If Rule A precedes Rule B Morphological Rule /Nas/ + /reh/ + /eet?/ =UR Rule A /Nas/ + /deh/ + /eet?/ Rule B /n/ + /deh/ + /eet?/ =SR If Rule B precedes Rule A Morphological Rule /Nas/ + /reh/ + /eet?/ =UR Rule B /n/ + /reh/ + /eet?/ Rule A /n/ + /deh/ + /eet?/ =SR As we can see above, the comparison between data d and e indicates the same thing for ordering of two rules as well. This suggests that the ordering of rules do not have something to do with the result. It further suggests that the nasals and the derived consonants could have a relatively strong connection with each other, i.e. one co-exists with the other. Within the SPE framework, the data set has been analyzed in the form of features of lexical individual segments. We tried to apply the rules we have and they seems to work well. This gives further indication that the SPE framework can be considered as effective tool in explaining the phenomenon in data set of Kikuyu language. However, it seems that the relationship between the two rules is not transparent. The reason for this might be the difficulty in generating the only one rule instead of two explaining such phenomenon in the SPE framework. The Post-SPE Framework Autosegmental phonology was introduced by John Goldsmith (1976) and re presented a great step forward in linguistic research. In the classical generative theory developed by Chomsky and Halle, phonological components were linear sequences of segments which themselves consisted of feature bundles. One of the downfalls of the SPE framework resided in the assumption that every segment had to correspond to exactly one feature specification and vice-versa (every feature specification had to correspond to exactly one segment). Consequently, many phonological phenomena (related to stress, lengthening, rhythm and intonation for instance) were left unexplained. SPE simply had no way of providing a proper account of prosodic phenomena. As stated by Goldsmith himself ((1999: p.137), Autosegmental phonology constitutes a particular claim about the geometry of phonetic and phonological representations. it suggests that the phonetic representation is composed of a set of several simultaneous sequences of these segments, with certain elementary constraints on how the various levels of sequences can be interrelated or associated. The main innovation brought about by Post-SPE framework is the fact that supra segmental features, such as stress or tone, are no longer confined to exactly one segment but can be shared by two or more segments and vice-versa. Some features, while remaining associated with a segment, are now handled separately. Many phonological phenomena can then be analyzed in terms of a restructuring or reorganization of the autosegments in a representation. Different from the first section, here we will analyze the data set of Kikuyu within the Post-SPE framework, or also known as the Autosegmental Phonology but within this paper we rather use the term Post SPE just for the sake of easiness in comparison. In this section, we will also consider the use of the IPA chart and feature notations for the discussion in the Post-SPE framework. Also in this part we might still view some rules from SPE framework and will be reviewed in the spirit of Post-SPE framework. Phenomenon such as assimilation and dissimilation will be approached to address the problems we found in the data set of Kikuyu Language. Of course, other theories within the Post-SPE will also be introduced. Let us start our discussion with the identification of features and spreading in this framework. In this framework, features will be viewed as independent features of their segments in order for them to be represented as auto-segments. We can observe in the data set of Kikuyu language that a phonological process can influence more than one consonant at a time. This might lead us to review the data we had in table 3 where ß mb; t nd; r nd; c ; k ?g; ? ?g, with the given two rules. We have mentioned earlier about assimilation in SPE, i.e. an alternation which copies a feature specification from the closest segment. Take Group A and Rule B as an example: [+nas]à   [bila Place] / ______ [bila Place] Nà   m / ______ ß / b In the Post-SPE framework, assimilation is identified as the spreading of features to the neighbouring X-slots. This means that an X-slot is associated with the two X-slots, resulting assimilation as illustrated below: NX NX mX |à  Ã‚ ¥|à  Ã‚ ¥| [+ant][+ant] [+ant] [-cor] [-cor] [-cor] For the sake of easiness, some tiers are excluded. Here, X represents the changed consonant in Kikuyu. The nasal is considered another X slot, which is marked as N. After spreading, we see that the two X-slots share the feature of [+ant] and [-cor]. The feature from the neighboring X-slot could be deleted after the course of spreading. The replacement of Rule A in the Post SPE framework is a bit more complicated than Rule B since deletion is involved. As for instance, consider Group A we have noted above, within the SPE framework, we will get the shifting below. [+cons]à   [-cont] [+voice] [-son] / [+nas]______ ßà   b / N______ Then, let us apply this within the Post SPE framework to analyze this phenomenon where we have two X-slots represent Nasal and Consonant respectively during the course of alternation. An example of shifting from Nß to Nb is given below. X X X X | | à   | / [+son] [-son] [+son] [-son] [-cont] [+cont] [-cont] [-cont] [+voiced]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  [+voiced]  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  [+voiced]  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   [+voiced] For the sake of easiness, some tiers are reduced. We can see in the shifting process that [-son, +voiced] features are preserved during the shifting and [+cont] feature becomes [-cont]. In the SPE framework, it is conceivable that morphological rules apply before phonological rules, so we have a Nasal slot before Consonant slot in 1 sg. Imperfect i

Is a soliloquy a good way for us to know what is going on in a characters head? Essay

This essay will discuss soliloquies and how they are used. I want to show that a soliloquy is a good way to show us what is going on in the characters head, it gives us an insight into the characters mind and thoughts, and helps us identify the type of mind and character we are looking at. In this essay I will be referring to various Shakespearian plays, the main play I will be referring to is Macbeth. Macbeth is about a Scottish king who is corrupted by three witches. It is about dreams, beliefs, actions and consequences. I will be looking at what a soliloquy is and the way Shakespeare has used the soliloquies in Macbeth. I also want to look at the use of Shakespearean language and Imagery in Macbeth. Soliloquies are often used in Shakespeare’s plays. A soliloquy is when a character voices their thoughts when alone on stage. I have studied three different soliloquies from the play Macbeth. The first is taken from Act 1, scene V. The second soliloquy is taken from Act 1, scene VII. And the last soliloquy is taken from Act 2, scene I. These examples of the soliloquies we have used allow us to see what state of mind the character is in at certain parts of the play, also I think it allows us to see what type of person the character really is and understand them better. The first soliloquy is used as Duncan arrives at Macbeth’s castle, Lady Macbeth has already decided by this point that the only way Macbeth can become king of Scotland is if they kill Duncan. The soliloquy is her preparing herself for what she is about to do and also asking the spirits to give her the strength to do it. â€Å"The raven himself is hoarse That croaks the fatal entrance of Duncan Under my battlements. Come, you spirits Tha tends on mortal thoughts, unsex me here, And fil me from the crown to the toe top-full Of direst cruelty! Make thick my blood, Stop up th’ access and passage to remorse†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Act 1, Scene V In the opening lines of the soliloquy you can already see that Lady Macbeth is a strong-minded woman but believes that men are stronger than women and in order to complete her task she must be as strong as a man. Evidence for this is the lines ‘Come, you spirits Tha tends on mortal thoughts, unsex me here,’ Lady Macbeth is calling on the spirits to turn her into a man and make her strong. However I believe that Lady Macbeth was stronger and more determined than Macbeth. There is evidence in the other two soliloquies that Macbeth is in two minds about murdering Duncan. â€Å"†¦This even-handed justice Commends th’ingrediants of our poison’d chalice To our own lips. He’s here in double trust First as I am his kinsman and his subject, Strong both against the deed; and then as his host, Who should against his murderer shut the door, Not bear the knife myself†¦that his virtues Will plead like angels, trumpet tongu’d , against The deep damnation of his taking off†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Act 1, scene VII † †¦I go, and it is done: the bell invites me. Hear it not, Duncan, for it is knell That summons thee to Heaven, or to Hell† Act 2, scene I These examples show just how unstable the mind of Macbeth is. In Act 1, scene VII Macbeth is talking about how Duncan trusts him and how he should protect Duncan from harm, not be the one who kills him! This is shown in the lines ‘He’s here in double trust’ and ‘Who should against his murderer shut the door, Not bear the knife myself ‘. However in Act 2, scene I Macbeth is prepared to go through with the deed, no matter what the consequences are. From the soliloquies you can also see what the character is like. It is in my opinion that Macbeth is compassionate to his friend and does not want to hurt him, however he is also over come with greed. He wants the wealth and power that comes with being king and will, perhaps, do anything to get it if prompted. These two views make his mind unstable and weak so that it can be manipulated by Lady Macbeth. I believe that lady Macbeth is an evil woman who will do anything to get what she wants. An example of this is part of a conversation that Lady Macbeth had with Macbeth when she thinks that he will not kill Duncan â€Å"I have given suck, and know How tender ‘t is to love the babe that milks me: I would, while it was smiling in my face, Have plucked the nipple from his boneless gums, And dash’d the brains out, had I so sworn as you Have done to this.† Act 1, Scene VII What she is saying in this quote is that she would take a baby that was feeding from her and kill it in the most horrific way if Macbeth wanted her to. I think only a truly evil woman can say this and mean it, only an evil woman would kill her baby. Shakespeare used various images through out this play. Both in Lady Macbeth’s soliloquy and Macbeth’s soliloquies there are strong witchcraft, nature and baby images. I think the strongest images in the soliloquies are the baby images. I believe that these worked the best because people generally have strong feelings no babies, especially if the baby is being harmed in some way. A baby can also be used as a symbol of innocence; a child looks at the world with innocence in their eyes. It is in my opinion that Shakespeare used the images of a baby for several reasons. The first reason is to get the audience emotionally involved in the play, if they see an image of a baby being hurt then they are going to dislike that particular character, however if the image is a good image of a baby then the audience are less likely to dislike that character. And the second way is to show the differences and similarities between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. When Macbeth uses an image of a baby it is filled with compassion and love, however when Lady Macbeth uses the image of babies it is filled with greed and cruelty. I believe this because of certain lines used through out the soliloquies. In Act 1, Scene VII Macbeth quotes ‘And Pity, like a newborn babe,’ Macbeth uses a baby as a symbol of innocence to gain pity from the audience. In Act 1, Scene VII Lady Macbeth tells Macbeth ‘I have given suck, and know how tender’t is to love the babe that milks me: I would, while it was smiling in my face, Have plucked my nipple from his boneless gums, And dash’d the brains out,’ This is filled with hatred which she is using to pressurise Macbeth into killing Duncan. It also shows that they think in similar ways even though they have different views. As Shakespeare was writing for an English audience Macbeth is very pro English, anti Scottish. It is a Scottish thane, who is easily corrupted by promises of power and fortune who becomes King and it is an English army, which over throws the evil Scottish king and restores peace throughout the land. I believe that soliloquies are a good way to know what is going on in a characters head. It allows us to know what they are thinking and feeling through out the play. With out soliloquies we would have to rely on facial expressions to know what the character is thinking. If we did this then I believe that plays and theatre would not be as popular as they are and the works of Shakespeare such as Twelfth night, Romeo and Juliet, Midsummer’s night dream and Hamlet would never have become the classics that they are.

Allocating Scarce Resources and Alternative Medicine Essay

1. Sympathy Rule: Impartiality rule: â€Å"health care professionals should usually be impartial in helping patients† (p. 189) But the rules used must be appropriate for people with ordinary human sympathies and feelings, example, biases toward friends or relatives. So the rules should allow for some bias – It was okay for Alice to send her aunt in first. Argument for the sympathy rule * The sympathy rule would not permit HC providers to help their relatives/friends in any way they like. It would permit them to give priority to their relatives only in very extreme, life and death situations. * From society’s point of view this rule is okay b/c society values both impartiality and close ties between relatives and friends. The sympathy rule is a kind of compromise between the two. Objection to the sympathy rule * We know from experience that people will already be biased toward their relatives and friends, and will have a tendency to give them priority where possible. * So, to counteract this innate bias, there must be a very strict rule against nepotism. However difficult it may be to be completely impartial as between your mother and a perfect stranger, this is what morality requires of HC professionals. 2. Innocents First Rule: Was Alice justified in sending her innocent aunt in before Terrance who caused the accident by his negligence? â€Å"Patient A, who is innocent and who cannot wait for care, ought to be given priority over patient B, who is known to be at fault for the injury and who also cannot wait, other things equal.† (p. 206) Third Party Interests 1) Childless person vs. parent of young child (dependents case) 2) Drunk vs. doctor (the public good case) 3) Person with highly infectious disease vs. person without infectious disease (the innocent threat case) 3. Public Interest Rule â€Å"Where the public interest is great enough, a patient may be given priority over those who came earlier.† (p. 208) Example, treat the Pope or the Prime Minister before the ordinary person. Discussions: 1. My answer to your question is this: No, it is not ethical to use non medical â€Å"social worth† factors to favor one patient over another. The use of such a criteria to choose between candidates for scarce medical resources can be critiqued both from Kantian and Utilitarian perspectives. I believe the most basic and powerful objection to â€Å"social worth† is that such a criteria reduces patients to their potential for maximizing social benefit. Kantian ethics argue that people should never be treated merely as a means to an end. By selecting between patients based solely on their potential contribution to society, they are being reduced to merely a means of achieving the most possible social good. They are not regarded as people with basic intrinsic value that goes beyond their ability to contribute to society. Any patient that does not have the ability to contribute much to society, because they are elderly, mental, or physically handicapped, automatically is unfairly at a disadvantage. On the face of it, Utilitarianism would seem to favor the use of such a criteria. Choosing people to save based on their potential future contribution would seem to produce the most net benefit. However, the physican/patient relationship would suffer greatly if patients felt that their physicians were continually looking past their personal welfare to the potential for social benefit. Distrust and suspicion would result if patients perceive that physicians were making treatment decisions based on their potential social value. Thus, over a longer period of time, the eventual erosion of the physician/patient relationship could result in less net benefit for society, a result not favored by Utilitarianism. Additionally, there are a host of other practical difficulties with appalling a â€Å"social worth† criteria. Use of such a criteria would require some type of ranking of respective social worth. How does a professional athlete rank against a priest, or an insurance salesman, or a physician. How much should patients’ personal life be involved in selection decisions? Given the pluralism of our society, development of such a list is nearly impossible. And even assuming that such a list could be compiled, whose ideas of social value should we use to make the list? Inevitably, personal bias would influence the ranking of â€Å"social worth†. Ultimatley, the use of medical factors, such as need, amount of resources required, and potential for success, should be used for patient selection, not non mendical â€Å"social worth† criteria. 2. As a physician for 30 years, practicing medicine from a perspective of â€Å"hearing the story† of the person, trying to ascertain the depth of their understanding, what motivates them to live, go on, do the unfinished, resolve those difficult relationships, be productive, make a difference, I find that those patients who have had transplants as adults have risen above the flat line of their lives and choose to see life as something to be lived and not something to be chased. â€Å"Social worth† has the unfortunate connotation of value, of something to be contributed, something that inherently gives a sense of future. We the elders decide who and again unfortunately are imperfect yet our decisions are irreversible. Committees are convenient because the decisions take on a vote situation based on the facts of the particular case. Sometimes I think that we do too much cerebrating and not enough feeling and deciding from the heart. The heart knows, where the brain has too much debris and stereotype to render fair decisions in who gets what organ. The system is flawed because we try to make sense out of something that exceeds our understanding and we forget what our hearts are telling us.

The Immunodeficiency Syndrome Virus ( Aids ) - 984 Words

The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), which results form an infection called the human immunodeficiency syndrome virus (HIV) is a global epidemic that has taken numerous amounts of lives. There are two forms of HIV that are linked to AIDS, HIV-1 and HIV-2 (Crooks, Baur 460). HIV-1 is a virus that is constantly mutating and it is the first human immunodeficiency virus to be recognized as the leading cause of AIDS world wide, then we have HIV-2, which only occurs in some African countries (Crooks, Baur 460). In the 1980s the number of AIDS cases in the United States grew rapidly each year and eventually began to stabilize. This epidemic and the number of people suffering from the disease has been underestimated by federal†¦show more content†¦MSM still accounts for 53-59% of the HIV cases in the US and drug use attributes to 9% of HIV cases (Crooks, Baur 462). Contrary to past beliefs heterosexual contact has been the primary form of HIV transmission worldwide and accounts for about a third of HIV cases. In the past couple years the number of females infected with HIV has steadily been rising. It is stated that adolescent women are highly vulnerable to this disease due to their immature reproductive tracts. To this date a vast majority of AIDS deaths has occurred in Africa, primarily in the sub Saharan nations, which is home to 70% of all people who are living with HIV/AIDS (Crooks, Baur 463). Notably this disease has surely become a very vagarious pandemic of this time. To help reduce our risk of contracting this deadly disease we must take that power into our own hands. Knowing the HIV ca n be found in blood, saliva, vaginal secreions, semen, urine and breast milk can lead us in the right path of protecting ourselves. It is proven that bodily fluids such as blood, semen, and vaginal secretion contains the highest concentration of the virus. Implementing thing such as avoiding anal intercourse, avoiding sexual contact with sex workers, avoiding sexual intercourse during menstruation and also avoiding oral contact with the anus can help limit our chances of contracting this virus since 80% of HIV cases are through sexual contact (Crooks, Baur 476).